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LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,
BY
He MOOK E, DiScs
ho FELLOW OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, AND OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF STETTIN, AND OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF THE NETHERLANDS; ASSOCIATE MEMBER OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, LONDON, AND OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.
RHOPALOCERA. FAMILY NYMPHALIDA.
SUB-FAMILIES SATYRIN A (continued), ELYMNIINA, AMATHUSIINA, NYMPHALIN@ (Group cHARAXINA).
ne
a ee, ion Or nStity t.¢ %, \ ra Ra, 4 ; JI Ee é Ras Ge ee:
LONDON: ona, nwo i REE Vii sc © ©); PUBLISHERS TO THE HOME, COLONIAL, AND INDIAN GOVERNMENTS,
6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1893—1896,
‘ns Gp
DiS CRE MON OlEIATEES.
PAGE PAGE ive 95. Puate 103. fic. 1, la. Orinoma Damaris, ¢ ? . ‘ 1 Fig. 1, la. Maniola Davendra, 2 °. 409 2, 2a. Rhaphicera Satricus, ¢ . 2 3 2, 2a. Maniola latistigma, ¢ 2 . 46 3, 3a. Rhaphicera Moorei, ¢ 9 : 4 3, 3a. Maniola brevistigma, g 9 . 47 a 4, 4a. Maniola tenuistigma, ¢ . 7 43 aig. 1, la. Lasiommata Schakra, g ? ii Prate 104. 2,2.a, b. Lasiommata Merula, ¢ ? . 8 Fig. 1, la. Maniola Cheena, 2 . 5 a0) 3. Lasiommata Meroides, 9 9 2, 2a. Maniola Kashmiriea, ¢ 2 SD) 4, 4a. Lasiommata Menava, ¢ 9 9 3, 8a. Chortobius pulchra, ¢ ¢ . 52 4, 4a. Chortobius Neoza, 3 ¢ . DS Prats 97. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Amecera Cashmirensis, ¢ 9 12 Puate 105. 2,2 a,b. Chonala Masoni, ¢ 9 15 Fig. 1, la. Chortobius pulchella, 2 9 od: 2. Chortobius Caenonympha, 2 DA: PLATE 98. : , 3, 3a. Chortobius Maiza, 6? . 5 Fig. 1, la. Eumenis Baldiva, J? . - 418 4, 4a. Chortobius Goolmurga, 9 . 56 2, 2a. Eumenis Lehana, ¢Q . 2g 3, 8a. Chazara Shandura, ¢ 2 ail Prate 106. 4, 4a, Nytha Parisatis, ¢ 2 . eee! Fig. 1. Thymipa Baldus (larva and pupa) 60 la, b, c, d, e, f. Thymipa Baldus PLATE 99. L (Wet-season brood) 7 58 Fig. 1, la. Aulocera Brahminus, ¢ ? 5 EY 1 g,h, i. Thymipa Baldus (orien 2, 2a. Aulocera Brahminoides, Q . 29 broud) . f p . e . 59 3, 3a. Aulocera Chumbica, ¢ 2 . 30 4, 4a. Aulocera Loha, ¢ ? 4 3 of) Pruate 107. Fig. 1, la. Thymipa indecora, ¢ (Wet- Prate 100. season brood) : ; 5 OS Fig. 1, la, Aulocera Padma, ¢? . y o2 10. Thymipa indecora, g (Dry- 9, 2a. Aulocera Swaha, 2? . 5 season brood) 3 63 3, 3a. Aulocera Saraswati, ¢ ? 5 aM | 2,2a,b. Thymipa ATeENOTA 32 (Wet season brood : 64 ee eS ; F 2, c. Thymipa Ge B (Dee Season Fig. 1, la. Parceneis pumilus, g ? . mor brood) . ‘ ; 64 2, 2a. Parceeneis Sikkimensis, ¢ 8 3, 3a. Karanasa Hubneri, ¢ 2 5 ony Prate 108. 4, 4a. Karanasa Leechii, g ? . 2 41 Fig. 1, la. Thymipa Dohertyi, ¢ (Wet- season brood) : : . 65 Prats 102. 2, 2a. Thymipa Savana, 3 (Wet- Fig. 1, la. Karanasa modesta, d ? . eel season brood) . 66 2, 2a. Kanetisa Digna, 6? . . 42 2 b, c,d. Thymipa Savara, 3 2 one 3, 3a. Kanetisa Pimpla, 9 . 43 season brood) : , : 5 Oe
lv DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
PAGE Prater 109. Fig. 1, la, Thymipa Nikea, ¢ : . 68 2, 2 a, b. Thymipa Sakra, ¢ 9 OU, 3, 3a. Thymipa Austeni, ¢ ? . _ 4. Thymipa Avanta, , (Wet-season brood) . ; 70 4a. Thymipa ent 3 (Dry-season brood) . ; : : rial Puate 110. Fig. 1, la. Thymipa Singala, ¢ 2? (Wet- season brood) . 3 : « «2 1b. Thymipa Singala, ¢ (Dry-season brood) . 3 . 6 2, 2a. Thymipa Tabella, 3 : 73 3, 3a,b. Thymipa striata, J ? (Wet season brood) : 73 3, c. Thymipa striata, ¢ (Dr season brood) . ; ‘ eA: 4. Thymipa Philomela, 3 : ee Prats 111. Fig. 1. Ypthima Hubneri (larva and pupa) . C : : , AS 1 a, b, c. Ypthima Hubneri, ¢ 9 (Wet-season brood) : : 77 1 d, e. f,g, h. Ypthima Hubneri, ¢ 2 (Dry-season brood) : : RS Puate 112. : Fig. 1, la. Ypthima Kasmira, ¢ @ . ee 2, 2a. Ypthima Ceylonica, ¢ 2 ( Wet- season brood) ‘ : : OL 3, 3a. Kolasa Chenui, ¢ 2 (Wet- season brood) : . 83 4, 4a. Kolasa vetien ores 3 2: 6184 5, 5a. Nadiria Bolanica, ¢ 2 . > 8D Puate 113. Fig. 1, la. Pandima Nareda, ¢ j . 86 2, 2a, Pandima Newara, $9 . 7 ou 3. Pandima Lycus, gf . ; CS 4. Pandima Watsoni, ¢ (Wet-season brood) . . : : : OS 4 a, b, c. Pandima Watsoni, ¢ 9 (Dry-season brood) ; 5 og Puate 114, Hig. 1, la. Pandima Mahratta, f 9 (Wet- season brood) : ; 90 1 0, c, Pandima Mahratta, ¢ (oer season brood) 5 : B oO
2, 2a. Lohana Iniea, ¢ 2 ( Wet-season brood) .
2 b, c, d, e. Lohana inten g 9 (oun season brood)
Puate 115. Fig. 1, la. Dallacha Hyagriva, ¢ 9 2, Ya. Callerebia Orixa, 3 9 3, 3 a, b. Callerebia Annada, ¢ ?
Prate 116. Fig. 1, la. Callerebia hybrida, ¢ ? . 2, 2 a, b, c, d, e. Callerebia Nirmala,
AOS a a
Prate 117. Fig. 1, La, b. Callerebia Scanda, ¢ 9 2, 2a. Callarebia Daksha, 3 3, 3a, 6. Paralasa Kalinda, ¢ ?
Prate 118. Fic. 1,1 a, 6. Paralasa Shallada, ¢ ? 2,2 a,b. Paralasa Mani, d? . 3, 3a. Hemadara Narasingha, ¢
Prats 119, Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Zipaetis Saitis, ¢ ? 2,2 a, b. Zipaetis Sceylax, g 9
Prater 120. Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Ragadia Crisilda, ¢ 9 2,2 a,b. Ragadia Crito, g ?
Prats 121. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Erites argentina, ¢ ? 2,2 a, 6. Erites angularis, ¢ 9 3, 3a. Erites faleipennis, g.
Prats 122. Fig. 1, la. Melanitis Ismene (larva and
eae Ik (45 @, Gh @ Melanin Teens 3 9 (Wet-season brood) A ; ;
PuatE 123. Fig. 1, 1 a,b, ¢, d, e. Melanitis Ismene, 3 2 (Dry-season brood)
Prats 124. Fig. 1. Melanitis Tambra (larva and pupa) 1 a, b, c. Melanitis Tambra, ¢ ? (Wet-season brood) ‘ 1 d, e, f. Melanitis Tambra, ¢ 9 (Dry-season brood) 7
PAGE
93
93
95 96 97
98
100
101 102 104
105 106 107
108 109
110 111
113 115 116
120
118
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
Prats 125. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Melanitis Bethami, 3 ? (Wet-season brood) 1 c, d, e. Melanitis Bethami (Dry-season brood)
» d#
Prats 126. Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Melanitis Bela, ¢ 9 (Wet- season brood) 1 c,d,e. Melanitis Bela, ‘3 g one season brood) i : C
PLATE 127. Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c,d, e. Melanitis Varaha, 3 2 (Wet-season brood) C
Prats 128. Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ¢, d, e, f. Melanitis Varaha, 3 2, (Dry-season brood)
Prats 129. Fig. 1, la. Melanitis Gokala, ¢ (Wet- season brood) 3
1 b,c, d, e. Melanitis Goble, 3 5
(Dry-season brood)
Puate 130. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Melanitis Zitenius, ¢ ? (Wet-season brood) ; .
1d. Melanitis Zitenius, grade) . : -
(inter-
Puate 131. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, ce. Melanitis Zitenius, ¢ ? (Dry-season brood) 2, 2a. Melanitis Kalinga, season brood) :
3 (Dry-
Prater 132. Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Cyllogenes Suradeva, 3 ? 2, 2a. Cyllogenes Janete, J . : 3, da. Parantirrhcea Marshalli, g.
Puate 133. Fig. 1. Elymnias undularis (larva) . la, b,c. Elymnias undularis, g 2? . 2,2, a, b. Elymnias tinctoria, ¢ ?
Prate 134, Fig. 1. Elymnias fraterna (larva and pupa) 1 a, b, c, d, e. Elymnias fraterna,
G4 "c .
PAGE
1351
133
134
135
137
135
137
158 139 140
147 145 148 149
149
Prate 135. Fig. 1, la. Elymnias caudata (larva and pupa) . : 1 b,c, d. Elymnias mandate 3 8
oq
Puate 136. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Elymnias Cottonis, ¢ 2 2,2 a,b. Elymnias Mimus, ¢ 9 Puate 137. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. “Elymnias obnubila, ¢ 9
2, 2a. Elymnias Deedalion, 9? .
Prats 138. Fig. 1, : a, b, Melynias Singala, ¢ 9 2, 2 a, b. Melynias Peali, G2.
Puate 139. Fig. 1, 1 a,b, c. Melynias Timandra, ¢ ?
Prate 140. Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Melynias Malelas, ¢ 9 2, 2a. Melynias Saueri, ¢ 2
PuatE 141. Fig. 1, la. Melynias Patna, ¢ 2, 2a. Melynias Patnoides, g . ; 3, 3a. Bruasa Chelensis, ¢
Puate 142. Fig.1, 1 a, b, c. Mimadelias Vasudeva, Cae 2, 2a. Mimadelias Dera 3 OMy Puate 143. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Mimadelias Burmensis, 3 ¢ 2, 2a. Agrusia Neder Bz Puare 144. Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Zeuxidia Masoni, ¢ ? Prate 145, Fig. 1, la, Amathuxidia Amythaon, g ? Puate 146. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, ec. Amathusia aoe 3 2 larva and pupa Puate 147. Fig. 1. Amathusia ea 3 (Pegu
Variety) 2. Amathusia eicionees
2 (Anda- man Variety) ‘ ;
PAGE
150 150
159 161
162 163 164
166 167
168 169
174
176
179
181
181
vi DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
PAGE
Puate 148. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Nandogea Diores, 62 . 182
Puate 149. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Thauria pseudaliris, ¢ 2 . 186
Prate 150. Fig. 1. Discophora Continentalis (larva and pupa) . : : ; = 89 1, a, 6, c. Discophora Continentalis, CHL as ; : , , . 188
Prats 151. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Discophora lepida, ¢ 2. 190
Prats 152.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b,e. Discophora Zal, 2 . 191
Puate 153. Fig. 1. Discophora Indica (larva and pupa) 194 1 a, b, c, d. Discophora Indica, g 2. 192
Puate 154. Fic. 1, la. Diseophora spiloptera, ¢ 9 . 193
Puate 155. Fig. 1, la, b, c. Enispe Huthymius, ¢ 2. 198
Prate 156. Fig. 1, 1 a, b,c. Enispe tessellata, ¢ 9 . 200
Puate 157. Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Enispe Cyenus, ¢ 2 > 201
Puate 158. Fig. 1, la. Stichophthalma Camadeva,
ure ‘ ‘ ‘ : 203) Purate 159. Fig. 1, la. Stichophthalma Louisa, f 9 . 204 Prats 160. Fig. 1,1 a, 6. Stichophthalma Nourmahal, Cue: ; d ‘ a e205
PuatTE 161. Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Stichophthalma Nurinissa,
Omen ur ) ae aeeeO0G
Prats 162. Fig. 1, la, b,c. Clerome Arcesilaus, ¢ 9. 207
Puate 163. Fig. 1, la, b,c. Clerome Assama, 6? . 208
Puate 164. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c, d, e. AAmona Amathusia, mn
Prats 165. Fig. 1, la. Aimona Pealii, g . 2, 2a. Aimona Lena, ¢
Prate 166. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Xanthotenia Busiris,
3 F
Puate 167. Fig. 1, la. Melanocyma faunuloides, ? 2. Stichophthalma Sparta, ¢
PuateE 168. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Haridra Psaphon, ¢ ?
Prate 169, Fig. 1, la, 6, c. Haridra Imna, $ ? larva and pupa
Puate 170. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, e. Haridra Marmax, ¢ 9
Prats 171. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Haridra Kahruba, ¢ 2 .
2. Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Haridra Desa, ¢ 9
Puate 173. Fig. 1, la. Haridra Avistogiton, ¢ . 2, 2a. Haridra Adamsoni, ¢
Puate 174. Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ec. Haridra Harpax, ¢ 9
Prate 175. Fig. 1, 1 a. 6. Haridra Corax, g¢ larva and pupa
Prater 176. Fig. 1, 1 a. 6. Haridra Mierax, ¢ 2
PuatE 177. Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Haridra Hemana, ¢ ?
Puate 178. Fig. 1, la. Haridra Hipponax, ¢ 9. : 1b, c. Haridra Hipponax (Variety) .
PAGE
Lo _ bo
214 215
240
DESCRIPTION
Prats 179. Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Haridra Jalinder, § 9
Puate 180. Fig. 1, la. Haridra Hindia, ¢
9 1b, c. Haridra Hindia, ¢ (Var “iety) 24.4
Prats 181.
PAGE
243
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, c. Haridra Pleistoanax,
3 ¢
Pate 182. Fig. 1, la. Haridra Khasiana, 5 9? . 2. Haridra Nicholii, 3
Puate 183.
Fig. 1, la. Charaxes Fabius (larve and
pupe). « 1 b, c, d. Charaxes Habis 3 9
Puate 184.
Fig. 1, la. Eulepis Athamas (/arve and
pupe). . 1 b, c,d. Eulepis Achninas: 3 9 le. Eulepis Athamas, ¢ (Variety)
« 2d0
OF PLATES.
Puate 185. Fig. 1, la, Eulepis Hamasta, ¢ ? 2, 2a. Eulepis Agrarius, 5 ?
PLATE Fig.
Pate
Fig.
PLATE
Fig.
PLATE Fig.
°
PLATE Fig
186.
Lelia: 5 5 1 b,c. Eulepis Arja, ¢ 2 (Variety).
187.
ieee)
Eulepis Arja, d 2
Eulepis Jalysus, ¢
2,2 a,b. Eulepis Moori, ¢ 9
188.
ie, Wer, ‘ 2,2 a, 6. Eulepis Wardii, ¢ 9 larva
Eulepis Schreiberi, ¢ 9
and pupa
189.
, la. Murwareda Dolon, ¢
1 2, 2a
190.
ealicns 2,20:
. Murwareda Eudamippus, ¢
Murwareda Delphis, ¢ . Heleyra Hemina, ¢
vil
ERRATA.
Page 132. Melanitis Varaha (Dry-season brood). For Plate 127, figs.1 e-i, read 128 figs. 1 a to f. » 206. Allied Chinese species of Stichophthalma. For Stichoph. fusca, read siujfusa.
ANS2
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EH PEpOPTHRA ENDICA.
—
Sub family SATYRINZ (continued). Genus ORINOMA.
Orinoma, Doubleday in Gray’s Lep. Insects of Nepal, p. 14 (1846); Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Gen. D. Lep. p. 368 (1851) ; Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 50; Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 173 (1883).
Ivaco.—Male. Forewing somewhat narrow and elongate, triangular; costa arched, apex rounded, exterior margin yery slightly concave in the middle, posterior angle rounded ; cell more than half length of the wing; two subcostals emitted before end of the cell; upper discocellular short, inwardly oblique, lower deeply concave, upper radial from close to the subcostal, lower radial from angle near upper end; median veinlets at equal distances apart. Hindwing short, bluntly oval ; apex, exterior margin, and anal angle rounded; exterior margin very slightly scalloped ; cell half the length of wing; first subcostal emitted close to end of cell; discocellular outwardly oblique and angular in the middle, radial from the angle ; middle median emitted immediately before end of cell. Body somewhat slender; thorax clothed with fine silky hairs; palpi compressed, obliquely porrected, clothed with fine short hairs in front, apical joint stout, pointed; legs rather long, femora slightly hairy beneath ; antennze very slender, with an extremely slender lengthened club; eyes hairy.
ORINOMA DAMARIS (Plate 95, fig1, la, g ?). Orinoma Damaris, Doubleday, in Gray’s Lep. Ins. of Nepal, p. 14, pl. 7, fig. 2, 2a (1846). Westwood, in Doubleday and prieaes Gen. D. Lep. p. 369, pl. 63, fig. 3 (1851). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. BE. I. Compy. i. p. 225 (1857). Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 50, pl. 2, fig. 4, 4a. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 174, pl. 13, fig. 32, (1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 223, pl. 79, o (1887).
Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside dusky violescent-black when fresh, fading to dusky violescent-brown; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a prominent ochreous-red patch occupying the basal half of the cell, the patch having two small obliquely-disposed black spots across its centre; a prominent pale olivescent yellowish-white streak extending along lower outer half and a less defined similar coloured speckled-streak along the upper half of the cell; four series of similar coloured streaks disposed transversely between the veins, the streaks being narrowest
vot. 1. August dth, 1892. B
2 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
anteriorly, longest interiorly, and the two outer series macular; the set between the median and submedian broadest and most connected. Hindwing with a broad divided-streak within the cell, and three outer series of similar-coloured streaks between the veins, the fourth or outer series being more or less obsolete. Under- side. Both wings marked as on upperside, except that all the markings are more prominent and somewhat broader ; both wings with the outer row more transversely linear ; also with an outer-marginal slender interrupted line ; and the forewing also having some slender streaks along the costa. Thorax above clothed with glossy virescent-erey hairs, its front with orange-red hairs; abdomen above brown; body beneath yellowish-white ; legs and palpi blackish; sides of palpi and collar white ; antenne black, annulated with white.
Expanse, 2} to 3} inches.
Hasitat.—N.W. and H. Himalayas; Assam; Cachar; Burma.
Distripution aND Hasrrs.—* This is a somewhat local insect, nowhere very common. In the Kangra District, Mr. Hocking (P.Z.S8. 1882, 235) records that it has been taken at Jatingri, but is very local and rare. In Kumaon, Mr. E. T. Atkinson obtained it in wooded lowlands, and Major C. F. L. Marshall has taken it in the neighbourhood of Nanai Tal. It occurs in Nepal and Sikkim, and also in the Khasia Hills in the autumn. In Cachar, Mr. Wood-Mason took it on Nemotha in October, and in Silhet. Capt. C. T. Bingham found it in Upper Tenasserim in the lower Thoungyeen forests from March to May. It apparently only occurs in the mountainous parts of North-Hast India, and at low elevations” (Butt. of India, 1. 174). Mr. L. de Nicéville (J.A.S. Beng. July, 1885) records the capture of a ‘“*female in Sikkim, in October, at 3200 feet elevation.” Mr. H. J. Elwes writes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 322), ‘I never saw this insect myself in Sikkim, but Mr. Moller obtained it at 2000 to 4000 feet; and Mr. Gammie found it abundant in British Bhotan at 6000 feet, in June. At Cherra Punji, in Khasia, I found it com- mon at 4000 feet, on the edge of the forest, and beat it from bushes by the path. Its flight is not strong, or quick, but dodging. The female seems rare, but Mr. de Nicéville caught it at 3000 feet in Sikkim, in October.”’ Dr. N. Manders (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, 519) obtained a single male in the neighbourhood of Bernardmyo, in the Shan States, Burma.” Signor Leonardo Fea obtained it in the Karen Hills in May and October.
Genus ,RHAPHICERA.
Rhaphicera, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 164; Ent. Mo, Mag. 1868, p. 196; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 158 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 175 (1883).
Imaco.—Forewing subtriangular ; costa arched, apex bluntly pointed, exterior margin slightly oblique and even, posterior margin straight; costal, median, and
SATYRINZE. 3
submedian slightly swollen at base; cell long, broad; discocellulars outwardly oblique, both radials from extremely close to the subcostal; upper median veinlet arched ; discal area clothed with pale ochreous, rather long and broad scales, inter- spersed with a very few narrow black androconia of similar length, which have either an extremely slender, almost linear, lengthened base with a short filiform end and penicillate tip, or with a lengthened bulbous base and similar penicillate tip. Hindwing rather long, pyriform, exterior margin very convex, very slightly scalloped, and with a tendency to an angle at end of upper median vein; cell broad; middle median veinlet emitted at a short distance before end of the cell. Palpi very hairy in front, apical jot also hairy; middle and hind femora slightly hairy beneath ; antennz with an elongated slender club ; eyes hairy. Type, R. Satricus.
RHAPHICERA SATRICUS (Plate 95, figs. 2, 2a, 2). Lasiommata Satricus, Doubleday ; Westwood and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. p. 387, pl. 64, fig. 4 (1851), 9. Rhaphicera Satricus, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 164, pl. 4, fig. 8,9, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p- 158 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 175 (1883). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett, p. 228, pl. 81 (1887).
Inaco.—Male. Upperside reddish-ochreous, with all the veins black; cilia reddish-ochreous. Forewing with two outwardly-oblique black bars crossing the cell, the inner bar narrowest, a broader outwardly angulated band crossing obliquely from middle of the costa to the lower median veinlet, this band being narrowest posteriorly and angled on the veins; a short subapical oblique macular-band and a rounded spot between the lower medians, followed by an irregular angulated mar- ginal band; the median and submedian vein broadly black lined. Hindwing crossed by a black discal band, which is narrow anteriorly, acutely angled above the upper median, and from thence is broad to near lower median; beyond are four round large black submarginal spots, two upper and two lower, followed by three slender black marginal lines. Underside ochreous-yellow ; veins more slenderly lined with black. Forewing with markings as on upperside, except that there is a well-formed subapical ocellus with a bluish-white pupil, and the lower black spot has a bluish- white pupil ; the marginal band being represented by slender lines. Hindwing with a pale golden-yellow fascia extending through the cell to near the outer border ; crossed by a very slender black subbasal line and an angular discal line, both indis- tinctly defined in crossing the pale fascia; beyond is a series of six ocelli, the sixth being duplex, the upper third being sometimes absent, each with a black centre and large biuish-white speckled pupil, a yellow ring and a black outer ring; beyond are three slender black marginal lines.
BQ
4 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Female. Upperside somewhat paler; markings the same, but slightly broader and less prominent. Underside as in the male. Body above reddish-ochreous ; thorax above and beneath, head, palpi in front, forelegs and middle and hind femora beneath, clothed with glossy virescent and golden hairs ; middle and hind legs above brown ; palpi edged in front with black ; side of palpi and collar pure white; abdo- men beneath pale ochreous-yellow.
Expanse, 22 to 23 inches.
Hasirat.—E. Himalayas; Sikkim; Bhotan: Naga Hills.
DistrisutioN.—This species is found in Sikkim, and Mr. E. T. Atkinson records it as occurring in the wooded hills beyond Almorah in Kumaon. This is probably the extreme western range of the species ; further to the west it is replaced by the allied . Moorei (Butt. Ind. 1.176). Mr. H. J. Elwes writes (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 322), “I found this species not uncommon on Sinchul and Tonglo, in Sikkim, from 6000 to about 8000 feet, in the end of July and August, and more abundant at 7000 feet near Rikisum in British Bhotan. It flies quickly, with a darting flight, about the forest paths, settling on ordure and wet places, and returning when disturbed. It also settles to rest on damp shady rocks, and flies in wet and cloudy as well as in fine weather. I never saw the female.” Mr. Elwes also records its capture by Mr.
W. Doherty in the Naga Hill. (P.Z.S. 1891, 266.)
RHAPHICERA MOOREI (Plate 95, figs. 8, 3a, d 9). Rhaphicera Mooret, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 164, p. 4, fig. 4,9; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p- 158 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 176, pl. xv. fig. 38, ¢ (1883).
Twaco.—Male and female. Upperside yellowish-ochreous, the basal area some- what olivescent-ochreous. Forewing with similarly disposed markings as in Lt. Satricus, but of a brown tint, broader, less sharply defined, and the veins also broadly bordered, thus giving it the appearance of a darker insect, with smaller and more restricted ochreous markings than those of 2. Satricus. Hindwing also simi- larly marked, but less sharply defined; the submarginal spots smaller, there being either two upper and two lower, or sometimes a continuous series of six are present, when the third and the lowest are less distinctly defined, all having a minute whitish pupil, and the lower ones with a slight pale outer ring; the marginal lines are almost confluent and thus form a broad dusky brown border. Underside paler yellowish- ochreous. forewing with the veins black lined, and similar markings to those in f. Satricus, but more defined. Hindwing also similar, but the markings more defined ; there is also a slender inner-line within the cell, the discal angulated line is more irregular, the ocelli prominent, and the marginal lines more sinuous.
Expanse, $24 to 22,223 inches.
Hasirat.—N.-W. and EH. Himalayas.
SATYRINZ. 5
Distripution.—“‘ This species is generally considered a rare insect, but in 1882 it was found in great profusion by Mr. W. Doherty in the Bhagi and Narkunda forests, and again at Theog, in the neighbourhood of Simla, in August, flying freely during heavy rain, and alighting on the leaves of bushes and trees. It was con- spicuous when settled, and appears to have nothing protective in its coloration.” Col. A. M. Lang notes, “‘ Observed only late in the autumn, in a forest glade in the Himalayas, near a stream with rich vegetation about its banks.” His collection contained five specimens from the neighbourhood of Simla, taken at 9000 feet eleva- tion, and two from Lower Kunawar, at 7000 feet elevation. It is evidently a very local insect.” (Butt. India, 176.) Major Hellard, in his MS. Notes, records specimens from Ketruar, in the Valley of the Rupin River; taken in September. Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 117) records it from ‘* Dhankuri, Khati, Dwali, and Chaudans, at from 7000 to 11,000 feet in Kumaon.” ‘“ In Sikkim, this species seems rare, as Mr. Moller had never seen it until I got three specimens on Singalelah at 9000 to 11,000 feet, in July. It occurs higher up than its congener (Satricus), but seems to have much the same flight and habits. My Shikaris brought a few from the interior in 1888 and 1884. The female is rare.” (Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 322.)
Inpo-Curyesz Species of RHAPHICERA, AND ALLIED Genus.—f. dumicola (Satyrus dumicola, Oberthiir, Etudes Ent. 1876, p. 29, pl. 4, fig. 7. Habitat, Moupin, E. Tibet.—Genus noy. Tartinca.—Allied to Rhaphicera. Forewing with the costa less arched, apex rounded, exterior margin very slightly concave in the middle; discocel- lulars outwardly recurved, upper radial close to subcostal, lower radial near the middle; upper median straight ; discal area clothed with long pale tridentate-tipt scales, a few shorter battledore-scales with dentate tips, and with many interspersing longer black androconia, which have a lengthened broad-bulbous base and elongated hair-like penicillated-tip. These androconia are about twice the length of those in Rhaphicera. Hindwing bluntly-ovate ; exterior margin very oblique and slightly scalloped ; discocellular undulated and angled in the middle, radial from the angle. Type.—Tatinga tibetanus (Satyrus tibetanus, Oberthiir, Etudes Entom. 1876, p. 28, pl. 2, fig. 4). Habitat.—Moupin, EH. Tibet.
Genus LASIOMMATA.
Satyrus, Latreille, Consid. Gen. p. 440 (1810).
Lasiommata, Westwood, in Westwood and Humphrey’s British Butt. p. 65 (1840). Doubleday, List. Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1, p. 184 (1844). Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewitson’s D. Lep. p- 885 (1851). Scudder, Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. Boston (1875), p. 202.
Amecera (part), Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. (1867), p. 162; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 123 (1868). Kirby, Manual Eur. Butt. p. 50 (1862). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. p. 178 (1883).
6 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Satyrvs (part), Godart, Tabl. Méth. Lep. pp. 8, 18 (1823). Boisduval, Ind. Mcth. Eur. Lep. p. 19 (1829), zd. Edit. 1840, p. 80.
Imaco.—Forewing subtriangular ; costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin oblique, even ; with an inwardly oblique transverse discal narrow glandular fascia clothed with large rather broad basally-tapering raised scales, which have rounded very blunt-toothed tips, and are interspersed with numerous longer blackish androconia with elongated slender-bulbous base and lengthened filiform, penicillate tip; cell rather long, narrow ; costal vein swollen at the base, median less swollen. Hindwing bluntly ovate ; exterior margin very convex, slightly sinuous; cell long, broad ; two upper medians from end of cell. Palpi clothed with very long hairs in front to the tip, apical joint small; antennal club spatular.
Aputt Carerrittar.—Head rather large, globose; body villose, slightly tapering at each end, with two short lateral caudal points; green, with darker dorsal line, and paler subdorsal and spiracular lies. Feeds on grasses.
CurysaLis.—Suspended by the tail. Thorax convex ; with two short points at the head; abdomen slightly arched on the back ; green, or very dark brown.
Type.—L. Megeera.
Historicat Note on tHE Genus Satyrus.—In 1746, Linneus (Faun, Sueciea, i. p. 238) gives to his Papilio, No. 785, the name of Satyrus as being the common one then applied to it. In 1758 (Syst. Nat. i. p. 473, No. 96) he altered the name of this butterfly to Papila Mera, quoting the earlier name (Satyrus) in a synonymie form. In the edition of the ‘‘ Fauna Suee. (1761), p. 275, No. 1049, and in the “ Syst. Nat.” of 1767, p.771, No. 141,he also uses the name Mra, referring, in both these works, to the name Satyrus, as its synonym, Retzius, in 1783 (Gen. et. Spec. Ins. p. 32, No. 16), gives Satyrus as the name of a species, and quotes mera as its synonym. Latreille, in 1805 (Gen. Cr. et. Ins. xiv. p. 103), of Nymphalis, among other species, gives that of Satyrus (as a synonym of Megzera), and as one of the species of that division.
under his division “ Satyrz,”
From the above statement, it will be seen that Satyrus is the name of a species synonymous with the Linnzan mera; the name Satyrus, therefore, cannot be used either in a subgeneric or generic sense, as has been subsequently done by the following authors, viz.: Panzer (Faun. Ins. Germ. Heft. 23—34 (1796), where he describes and figures Papilio Satyrus Galathea, P. S. Hypsipyle and P. S. Fauna, and again in Heft 76 (1801), the P. S. Semele and P. 8S. Cinzia. Cederheilm, in 1798 (Faun. Ingr. Prod. p. 208), describes Pap. Satyrus Hyperanthus, P. S. Pamphilus, P. S. Mera, and other species, and in 1810 Latreille (Consid. Gén. p. 440) established his genus “ Saryrus,” giving as types, Teucer, Phidippus, Sophore, Piera, Galathea, and Mera, but also intending it to embrace within it all the species of the group.
Subsequently the name “Satyrus” has been adopted in a generic form, in this Subfamily, by Godart Eneycl. Méth. 460 (1819) ; by Swainson, Zool. Ilust. 1, iii. pl. 159 (1822); by Boisduval, Index Méth. Hur. Lep. p. 19 (1829), and in Edit. (1840), p. 830; by Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Gen, D. Lep. p. 388 (1851) ; Butler, Entom. iii, p. 279 (1867), zd. Catal. Satyride, Brit. Mus. p. 59 (1868), dd. dnt. Mo. Mag. (1868), p. 194 ; Crotch, Cistula, Entom. i. p. 91 (187 )5 Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 73 (1871) ; Staudinger, Catal. eps Eur. p. 27 (1871), and others.
Moreover, the name “Satyrus ” was previously used for a genus of Mammals, by Tulpius, in 1739 (Observ. Medice, p. 270), and is also occupied, through “ Satyra,” in Diptera, by Meigen, in 1803.
SATYRINA, i
LASIOMMATA SCHAKRA (Plate 96, fiz. 1, la,g 2).
Satyrus Schakra, Kollar, in Hugel’s Kaschmir, iv. 2, p. 446, pl. 15, fig. 3, 4, 3 (1844).
Lasiommata Schakra, Westwood, in Doubleday and Hewitson’s D. Lep. p. 387 (1851).
Amecera Schakra, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. (1867), p. 163; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 126 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 179, pl. xv, figs, 45, 46, ¢ 9 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside ochreous-brown, somewhat tinged with olive; cilia alternated with ochreous-white. Morewing crossed by an inwardly-oblique inner discal narrow sinuous dusky glandular fascia ; followed by a large subapical black ocellus with white pupil and an irregular outer ochreous ring, below which are three decreasing somewhat darker ochreous spots, all being inwardly bordered by an indis- tinct recurved discal darker brown line and an outer or submarginal parallel line. Hindwing with a faint trace of a slender transverse discal dusky angulated line, beyond which is a series of three prominent median ocelli, and one, sometimes two, incipient very small upper ocelli, the three former with a black centre, white pupil and a broad ochreous ring, the two upper spots, when present, being ochreous with sometimes a minute black central dot; marginal lines pale brownish-ochreous. Underside grey basally, greyish-white externally. Forewing crossed by, two slender
‘recurved ochreous bars within the cell, the inner one continuing across the wing, a similar bar along the discocellulars, anda more sharply-defined outwardly-recurved wavy discal ochreous-brown line, and a submarginal and a marginal line; subapical ocellus as above, but with a smaller black centre, larger white pupil, a pale ochreous ring, and then a slender brown ring ; above this, immediately before the apex, is a minute similar ocellus ; below the ocellus the lower discal area is suffused with bright ochreous. Hindwing crossed by a subbasal and a discal slender ochreous-brown irregular wavy line, followed by a series of six prominent ocelli, the sixth being duplex, each with a small black centre and white pupil, a pale ochreous ring, a slender brown ring, another ochreous ring, and then another brown ring; the upper, second and third ocelli being the smallest ; beyond are two slender ochreous-brown marginal lines.
Female. Upperside paler, and more olivaceous-brown. Forewing with the ocellus, its ochreous ring, and the posterior spots somewhat broader and paler, their Jateral bordering line more defined, and the interspace between the ocellus and its upper discal border being more or less whitish. Hindwing with the ochreous ring of the ocelli broader and less defined. Underside coloured and marked as in male. Body above brown; thorax clothed with glossy virescent hairs, thorax beneath clothed with greyish hairs; abdomen beneath pale greyish-ochreous ; legs brownish above, greyish beneath ; collar and sides of palpi greyish-ochreous ; antennz brown, with darker ochreous-tipt club.
Expanse, 2 to 2} inches.
8 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Carerrittar.— Apple-green, with pale yellow lateral lines. Feeds on various grasses.” (A. G. Young.)
Hasitar.—N.W. and EH. Himalayas.
Disrrisutionx.—“ This is one of the commonest butterflies of the Western Himalayas, extending eastwards as far as Sikkim. Mr. A. Graham Young states that in Kulu it is very common, appearing in July and again in September and October, the larva being apple-green with pale yellow lateral lines, and feeds on grasses.” (Butt. Ind. i.179.) According to Col. A. M. Lang (P.Z.S. 1865, 499), it is “a very common Himalayan species; to be seen at all seasons flitting about the rocky roadside in Lower Kunawar and the Simla Hills, and pitching on rocks and banks; more abundant on the outer ranges, on bare grassy slopes.’ In his MS. Notes, 1865, Col. Lang also says, ‘‘ Schakra appears within ten miles of the plains at Kussowli, frequenting all cliff and rocky ground. It continues for 200 miles, very scarce in the last fifty of this distance, and I have taken one specimen here, at Pangi; March to October.” Major Hellard, in his MS. Notes, records it from ‘“‘ Simla, Masuri, and Kashmir ; June and October.” Major J. W. Yerbury (P.Z.S. 1886, 358) records specimens from ‘‘ Murree, August and September; between Abbottabad and Kala Pani, September. Very common in August and September. Found all along the hills as far as Thundiani, and as low as Tret and Bugnoter; probably not above 5000 feet elevation.” Mr. L. de Nicéville (Indian Agriculturist, January 1st, 1880), says, “ This insect is to be met with at all seasons and everywhere in the N.-W. Himalayas, flitting along rocky roads and paths, and continually settling on stones, etc. I have taken it in Kashmir and far up into Ladak.’ Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 117) records it as being found in ‘* Kumaon generally, up to 9000 feet ; seen as low as Dharchula, 3500 feet.”
LASIOMMATA MZERULA (Plate 96, figs. 2, 2a, b, d 9). Lasiommata Merula, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 496, 3 (1867). Amecera Merula, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 126 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 180 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside ochreous-brown; cilia alternated with ochreous- white. Forewing not possessing a glandular fascia; the subapical ocellus with its ochreous ring larger than in L. Schakra, and only two narrow ochreous spots present below it, these spots being also situated somewhat further from the outer margin. Hindwing with two prominent median ocelli, and sometimes one or two upper incipient spots. Underside similar to L. Schakra. Forewing with the two cell bars closer together, these bars and the discocellular, and also the wavy bar beyond the cell, are brown, the latter being more outwardly-oblique; the slender brown outer
SATYRINAD. 9
ring of the large subapical ocellus #%-joined to the minute apical ocellus, and the bright ochreous colour of the lower discal area extends somewhat into the cell- Hindwing with the transverse subbasal and the discal irregular line dark brown, and more zigzag in their course; ocelli with paler ochreous rings.
Female. Upperside similar to LZ. Schakra. Forewing with the ocellus larger, its outer ring paler, and its contiguous inner border whiter, the lower ochreous spots narrower and less defined. Underside as in the male, except that on the forewing the outer ring of the ocellus and its contiguous inner border is whiter, and on the hindwing the ocelli have pale ochreous-white rings.
Expanse, 3 °, 23 inches.
Hasitat.—N.-W. Himalaya (Kunawur, Pang’).
Distrisurion.—Major Hellard, in his MS. Notes, records this species from “ Pangi in Busahir, in August.”
LASIOMMATA MEROIDES (Plate 96, fig. 3, ). Lasiommata Meroides, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii., p. 496, pl. 69, fig. 1, 2 (1867). Amecera Mueroides, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 181 (1883).
TIuaco.—Male. ‘‘ Upperside as in L. menava, but paler; the streaks more obsolete. Forewing with the ocellus distinctly surrounded with fulvous, and with two large spots irrorated with fulvous below it. Hindwing with two ocelli coloured as in L. menava, but more broadly ringed and a little nearer the margin; a fulvous spot annexed to the upper ocellus. Underside asin L. menava, but the hindwing with the streaks of the basal half fuscous, scarcely margined with fulvous ; that beyond the cell a little more directed outwards towards the costa.”
Female. Upperside. Forewing with the ocellus placed on a broad triangular ochreous patch paler than in L. menava, distinctly defined throughout, the travers- ing veins being also ochreous and scarcely perceptible; the subapical ocellus is smaller and further from the discal edge of the patch. Hindwing with two prominent ocelli, the lowest small. Underside as in the male.
Expanse, d ? 2 to 22 inches.
Haxzirat.—Dras and Indus Valley ; Ladak.
Distrisvtion.—The type specimens were taken by the late Dr. F. Stohezka, in the ‘* Dras Valley, Ladak, and at Chulichang, at 12,000 feet.” Major H. B. Hellard, in his M8. Notes, records it from the “ lower part of Dras River Valley, and from Indus Valley between Skardo and Dras River; taken in July.”
LASIOMMATA MENAVA (Plate 96, figs. 4, 4a, d 2). Lasiommata Menava, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 499, pl. 30, fig. 3, ¢. Amecera Menava, Butler, Ann, Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 163; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 126 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 180 (1883), VOL. II. Cc
10 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Tyraco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent ochreous-brown, with an senescent gloss ; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a transverse inwardly-oblique discal straight dusky glandular fascia, which extends from the upper median to the posterior margin; two very indistinct slender dusky bars crossing the cell, a similar discocellular bar, and an upper outer-discal outwardly-recurved line, the latter with a slightly paler external bordering edge; beyond is a suffused sub- marginal line ; a moderately large prominent subapical black ocellus and a minute apical ocellus, each with a white pupil and narrow ochreous outer ring. Hindwing with two, sometimes three, similar outer ocelli, the lowest, and when present the upper, being the smallest. Underside pale brownish-grey. forewing with the lower discal area suffused with bright ochreous ; markings as on upperside, with the cell bars, discal and submarginal line prominent, dark brown, and externally bordered with pale grey, the inner cell-bar extending across the wing; ocelli prominent. Hindwing crossed by a subbasal and a discal irregular recurved ochreous-brown line ; a series of six prominent ocelli, the sixth duplex, each with two pale ochreous rings and two brown rings; marginal lines pale grey bordered.
Female paler. Forewing with a broad inverted-pyriform bright ochreous ex- terior patch, on which the two ocelli are very prominent, the patch traversed by the brown veinlets and the large ocellus inwardly bordered by an incurved brown streak. Hindwing with the ocelli as in male, but more prominent. Underside as in the male. Thorax above clothed with virescent-brown hairs ; body beneath brownish-grey ; legs above brown; palpi clothed with brownish-grey hairs; collar and side of palpi greyish-white ; antennz dark brown, annulated with white.
Expanse.—d ? 1& to 22 inches.
Hasirar.—N.-W. Himalayas ; (? Beluchistan).
Distrisution.—* According to Col. A. M. Lang’s MS. notes, this species is very local, and seems to have its headquarters at Pangi, in Middle Kunawur, and to disappear within fifteen miles on either side. On the Werang Pass, nearly 14,000 feet high, and about twelve miles from here, Tibetwards, I have taken this insect in June and July.” Col. Lang also obtained it at Chini, 9000 feet, in September. Major Hellard took it at Pangi in July and August. Mr. L. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. 181) observes that ‘‘it is found in the Pangi and Chini districts in June and July, but it appears to be local, and nowhere very common. I took a male at Nurla, Ladak, on July 5th, and two females at Chanagund and Charjil, Ladak, in June and July; these were all the specimens I saw, the ex- tremely scanty vegetation of this dry and barren region not being favourable to an abundant insect fauna.”
A female specimen, doubtfully referable to this species, and differing from
SATY RIN 2. 11
the same sex of the Persian species (L. Nasshreddini) has the ochreous patch on the forewing paler and with the inner discal border of the patch suffused with ochreous, was taken by Lieut. E. Y. Watson at Quetta on May 10th, 1885. Mr. L. de Nicéville (Butt. of India, 81) also refers to “a female specimen taken by Col. A. M. Lang, in the Kawas Valley, Beluchistan, at 8000 feet elevation, in September.”
AtiED PERSIAN AND Caines Sprctaus or Lastommata.—L. Nasshreddini (Pararge Nasshreddini, Staudinger; Christoph, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. xu. p. 240, pl. 5, figs. 13, 14, ¢ $% (1876); Romanoff, Mem. Lep. 1890, p. 487. Nearest allied to but distinct from L. menava. Habitat. Shahrud, N. Persia.—L. masa, Leech (Lep. China and Japan). Habitat. W. China.
The following are Chinese allied genera:—Genus nov. Lopinca. Male. Forewing rather narrow, subtriangular; costa nearly straight, apex obtuse; ex- terior margin oblique and slightly convex; cell long, narrow; discocellulars outwardly-oblique, upper radial from end of cell in a direct line with the sub- costal, lower radial from above middle of the discocellulars ; no androconial patch. Hindwing bluntly ovate, exterior margin convex, somewhat sinuous; cell, broad ; discocellulars undulated, radial from the middle; two upper medians from end of the cell, upper median much arched. Palpi densely clothed in front to the tip ; antennz short, stout, with a well-formed thick elongated club. Type.—L. dumetorum (Pararge dumetorum, Oberthir, Etudes Ent. 1886, p. 23, pl. 4, fig. 20). Habitat. W. China.—L. nemorum (Pararge nemorum, Oberthiir, Etudes Ent. 1890, p. 42, pl. 9, fig. 103). Habitat. Yunan.—lJL. catena (Pararge catena, Leech, Entomologist, 1890, p. 30). Habitat. C. China.—L. fulvescens (Pararge fulvescens, Alpheraky, Romanoff’s Mem. Lep. v. 1889, p. 118). Habitat. China.
Gen. nov. Cresera. Male. Forewing longer and narrower than in typical Lasiommata (L. megzra) ; costa more arched, exterior margin more oblique, the posterior margin comparatively shorter and with an indistinctly defined inner discal short glandular fascia, which is clothed with short, very broad, battledore- scales, some elongate narrow foliate scales with rounded tip, and a few long fine tapering hairs ; cell more than half length of wing, broad. Hindwing short, exterior margin convex, slightly scalloped; cell longer. Palpi slender, clothed with shorter hairs in front; antennz longer, more slender, and with a longer gradually-thickened club. Typs.—Ovrebeta Deidamia (Pararge Deidamia, Eversm. Bull. Mose, 1851, p. 617. H. Scheffer, Schmett, Kur. i. figs. 609, 610). Habitat. Amurland.—C. Menetriesii (Satyr. Menetriesii, Bremer and Grey; Motsch. Etud. 1852, p. 59. Menetries, Catal. Acad. Mus. Petr. i. pl. 6, fig. 4 (1855). Pryer, Butt. Japan, p. 81, pl. 9, fig. 5. Habitat. N. China; Japan. C. erebina (Pararge erebina Butler, Ann. N.H., 1888, p. 277). Habitat. S. Corea.
@ 2
12 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Genus AMECERA.,
Amecera (part), Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 162. Pararge, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 177 (1883), nec Hiibner.
Twaco.—Male. Wings broad; woolly at their base. Forewing subtriangular ; costa well arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin slightly scalloped and convex; costal vein much swollen at the base; the median and submedian much less so; cell broad ; discocellulars angled close to subcostal and before the middle, radials from the angles. No androconial patch present. Hindwing short; exterior margin convex, scalloped; cell short, broad; first subcostal emitted at some distance before end of the cell; discocellular outwardly-oblique and angular in the middle, radial from the angle; two upper medians emitted from lower end of the cell, upper median much curved. Thorax hairy; palpi long, slender, hairy in front, apical joint somewhat cylindrical; legs rather long, slender, middle and hind femora slightly hairy beneath ; antennz slender and with a well-formed, elongated, slightly grooved club; eyes hairy.
AMECERA CASHMIRENSIS (Plate 97, figs. 1, la, b, 3).
Pararge Cashmirensis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 265, pl. 43, fig. 3, g. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 177 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside ochreous-yellow, suffused with ochreous-brown at the base of the forewing, and darker on the hindwing; cilia yellowish-white alternated with dark brown. Yorewing with a black dentate discocellular bar, and an ochreous-black exterior marginal band, the inner edge of which commences on the costa about one-third before the apex, and curves exteriorly half round a black white-pupilled subapical spot, and thence attenuates to the posterior angle; no androconia present. Hindwing with a broad dusky ochreous-brown exterior marginal band with waved inner edge, before which are three or four discal black spots, each with a minute white pupil, the middle spot being the largest, and the anterior the smallest. Underside. Forewing paler ochreous, markings as on upper-
Historica, Nore on rae Genus Amucera.—This genus was founded in 1867 by Mr. Butler, with megera as the indicated type. As this species (megwra) became the type of Westwood’s genus Lastom- mata, in 1840, it cannot therefore be taken for the type of Amecera. All the other species mentioned by Mr. Butler, under Ameeera, are strictly congeneric with megera, except Hversmannt and Baldiva, the latter species (Baldiva) being congeneric with Semele—the type of Hiibner’s genus HuMENIS—consequently Eversmanni is the only species remaining in Amecera, and must therefore be retained to represent the genus.
The Pap. Climene, Fabricius, of S. E. Europe, being congenerie with Hversmannt, will also come into Amecera, as here defined.
SATYRINZ. 13
side, but greyish-brown; also three slender brown transverse streaks within the cell, and an irregular streak beyond it: two prominent subapical black ocelli with white pupil, the upper one very small, beneath them is a white dot, indicating an Incipient ocellus, all three being encompassed by a slender brownish line. Hindwing with greyish-brown basal area and exterior border, the discal area being whitish- grey, the division defined by a dark brown irregular zigzag discal line, there being also a similar brown subbasal line, and a wavy submarginal line, the pale area traversed by a series of six prominent ocelli, the lowest being duplex, each with a black centre and white pupil, an ochreous ring, and then a brown ring, the upper, second, and third ocellus being the smallest, the others of nearly equal size.
Female. Upperside, Forewing differs only in the two subapical spots being more prominent, the discocellular bar and the marginal border are broader. Hind- wing asin male. Underside as in male.
Hxpanse, ¢ 2 to 22, ? 22 to 22 inches.
Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas (Kashmir).
Distrisution.—A. Cashmirensis is “a rare and very local butterfly. It was captured by the late Capt. R. Bayne Reed at Goolmurg, an elevated plateau above 6000 feet, in Kashmir. Specimens have since been taken by Mr. R. Ellis in Pangi, in July and August, at considerable elevations. It was also captured by Mr. Atkinson in Kashmir, but no other record of its capture can be traced.” (Butt. Ind. i. 178.) The late Major H. B. Hellard obtained specimens at Ooramboo and Goolmurg.
ALLIED species oF AmeceRA.—The allied A. Hversmanni,* F. v. W. Moscow Bull. 1847, pl. ii. fig. 5, 6, of Central Asia. Specimens which we have examined differ from A. Cashmirensis, on the upperside, in the exterior marginal band being much darker and more pronounced, this band on the hindwing being also con- spicuously narrow, and very sharply defined on its inner edge, the discal black spots being five in number, sharply defined, and placed in a more regularly linear sequence, the entire discal and basal area of this wing being also as bright ochreous in colour as the forewing. On the underside A. Hversmanni differs in the forewing being brighter ochreous, the cell streaks and outer markings darker and sharply defined, the cell streaks less sinuous and wider apart, the outer streak being much nearer the discocellular veinlet. In the hindwing the basal area and outer brown portions are darker, the subbasal and discal irregular line prominent, the outer edge of the latter strongly defined, and prominently white bordered ; the ocelli are more regular in size, though smaller, the three upper ocelli being of uniform size, and all are placed in more regularly linear sequence.
* Also described and figured by Erschoff, Lep. Turkestan, p. 19, pl. 2, fig. 15. See also Romanoff’s Mem. Lep. 1890, p. 487. It is placed, erroneously, in Staudinger’s Catal. Eur. Lep. (1871), p. 30, as a variety of Pararge Roxelana. This latter named insect is not even congeneric.
14 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,
The following is an allied genus: Gen. nov. Kirtnta. Male. Wings short, broad. Forewing somewhat triangulate ; costa much arched, apex obtusely rounded, exterior margin very slightly oblique, posterior angle rounded; costal vein much swollen at the base, median and submedian slightly swollen ; cell very broad, and extending to more than half the wing ; discocellulars outwardly oblique, angled close to subcostal and deeply incurved before the middle, radials from the angles ; median veinlets very wide apart ;.the basal half of the wing, including the cell, hairy, and clothed with brownish short, broadly oval, more or less dentate-tipt scales, and conspicuously interspersed with numerous jet-black androconia, which have broad oval bulbous base, and very long fine tapering hair-like tip. Hindwing broadly ovate, exterior margin scalloped; cell broad across its middle; first subcostal emitted fully one-third before end of cell; discocellulars very oblique, angled in the middle, radial from the angle; two upper median branches from extreme end of cell, the upper median being much arched ; submedian and median widely separated. Palpi long, slender, clothed with long fine hairs in front, apical jot long. Antenne short, slender, with a lengthened, very slender club. yes hairy.
Type.—K. Epimenides (Lasiommata Epimenides, Menétr. Schrenk’s Reise Amurland, Lep. p. 39, pl. 3, figs. 8,9, ¢ 2 (1859). Pryer, Butt. Japan, p. 31, pl. 9, f.9. Syn. Neope Fentoni, Butler, Ann. N. H., 1877, p.91. Habitat. Amur- land; Japan.—K. Hpimenondas (Pararge Epimenondas, Staudinger, Romanoft’s Mem. Lep. ii, p. 150, pl. 17, fig. 12). Habitat. Amurland.
Genus CHONALA.
Imaco.—Wings short, broad. Forewing triangularly-ovate, with the costa much arched, apex rounded, exterior margin convex, posterior angle rounded; cell more than half length of wing, broad; discocellulars outwardly-recurved, upper radial from a slight angle very close to subcostal, lower radial from above the middle ; medians wide apart. No perceptible discal glandular fascia, but a few long black androconia with stout bulbous base and hair-like penicillate-tip, are present among the ordinary scales. Hindwing bluntly ovate; exterior margin convex, and with a shght tendency to an angle at end of upper median veinlet; anal angle round ; abdominal margin long; cell broad, long ; first subcostal emitted at some distance before upper end of cell; discocellulars very oblique, angular in the middle, radial from the angle; middle median emitted from extremely close to end of the cell. Body slender ; palpi clothed in front to the tip with long fine hairs; antennz with a well-formed lengthened club.
Type.—C. Masoni.
SATYRIN 4. 15
CHONALA MASONI (Plate 97, figs. 2, 2a, b, 3 9). Debis (Tansima) Masont, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 405, pl. 25, fig. 2. Lethe Masoni, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 159 (1883). Elwes, Trans. Ent, Soe. Lond. 1888, p. 515.
Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside dark olivescent-brown. Forewing with a broad white transverse discal outwardly-oblique band, which is most sharply defined and somewhat sinuous on its inner edge; the outer border of the wing being darker brown, and with a subapical small white spot between the subcostal and upper radial, sometimes also with a smaller slender spot above it, and an indistinct blackish larger spot below it; cilia broad, alternated with white. Hindwing with a shght white streak bordering the anterior angle; cilia white anteriorly, brownish posteriorly. Underside slightly paler. Forewing with the white band more prominent and some- what broader; subapical white spot more distinct, above which is an intersected paler spot, and below it a prominent black ocellus, with white pupil and ochreous ring ; a short cinereous-white wavy outer line ascending from the upper spot, beyond which are two whitish-ochreous marginal lines. Hindwing thickly irrorated with cinereous scales; crossed by a subbasal and a discal undulated wavy brown line, beyond which is a curved series of six prominent ocelli, each with a black centre and white pupil (the lowest bipupilled), a broad dull ochreous ring, and then a black ring ; followed by two cinereous-white marginal lines, the inner one being slightly dilated at its apical end. Body beneath, and legs cinerescent-brown ; palpi edged and clothed with black hairs; collar and side of palpi white; antenne black, annulated with white.
Expanse, 22 to 2% inches.
Hasirat.—Sikkim.,
This insect, so far as is yet known, “has only been found in the interior of Sikkim to the eastward by my native collectors, probably in Bhotan or the Chumbi Valley’ (Hlwes, |. c. p. 315).
CHINESE ALLIED SPECIES oF CHonaLa.—C. episcopalis (Pararge episcopalis, Oberthiir, Etudes Entom. 1886, 22, pl. 4, f. 24). Habitat. W. China.—C. preusta (Pararge preusta Leech, Entomologist, 1890, p. 188). Habitat. W. China.
Genus AGAPETES. Arge,* Hiibner, Verz. Bek. Schmett. p. 60 (1816). Boisduval, Ind. Méth. p. 25 (1840). Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Gen. D. Lep. p. 383 (1851). Butler, Catal. Satyride Brit. Mus. p. 153 (1868). Agapetes, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 78 (1820). Seudder, Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. Boston, 1875, p. 104, Melanargia, Meigen, Eur. Schmett, i. p. 97 (1829). Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 71 (1871).
* Founded on the name of one of the species, therefore not admissible.
16 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Melanagria, Staudinger, Catal. Lep. Eur. p. 9 (1861). H. Scheffer, Prod. Syst. Lep. pp. 13, 58 (1865). Satyrus (part) Latreille.
Imaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular; costa arched at base, apex obtuse, exterior margin very slightly oblique, slightly convex and slightly scalloped; costal vein swollen at base; cell broad, extending to half the wing ; discocellulars outwardly oblique, angled close to subcostal, concave below the angle, upper radial from the upper angle, lower radial emitted before the middle; median veinlets long and wide apart. Hindwing short, rather broad; exterior margin convex, sinuous ; cell broad, short ; discocellulars very oblique; middle median veinlet starting considerably before end of the cell. Palpi clothed in front with long porrect hairs. Antennz thick, with a gradually-formed stout club. Eyes naked.
Aputr Caterrittar.—* Cylindrical, stout, tapering towards each end; head proportionally small, almost globular; anal segment with two short lateral points ; minutely villose ; colour buff, with the longitudinal lines more or less brown, or very pale yellowish-green ; the dorsal line dark green, a subdorsal line paler green with yellowish borders ; subspiracular line paler ; spiracles small, round, black; head pale pinkish-brown; anal points pink; front legs brownish, ventral and prolegs green. Feeds on grasses.” ‘ Changes to a pupa among moss without suspending itself in any way, or making a cocoon.”
Curysauis. “Stout, plump, widest where the wing-cases end; headpiece sloping from the shoulders, but ends squarely; thorax rounded; abdomen curved to the tail; abdomen ending in a square piece, on which is placed a short blunt spike, set at the end with two little groups of short straight spines; colour pale ochreous-white ; wing and antenn cases freckled with pale brown ; the segmental rings marked with yellow; a brownish stripe down the middle; spiracles large, brown ; anal spike chestnut-brown.”
Hea. ‘ Large and plump, stumpy, ovate in outline, the shell looking like dull bone-white china, and is covered all over with very shallow rhomboidal network, with very tiny knobs at the knots, and with a central patch of finer meshes on the top.” (Buckler’s Larve Brit. Butt. i. p. 161.)
Typz.—A. Galathea.
No species of this genus has yet been recorded from within our northern limits. Specimens of a species closely allied to A. Cleanthe, from Tekes, Kashgar, are in the British Museum Collection. A. montana, Leech, occurs in H. Tibet and Western China ; A. Leda (Leech, Entom. 1891, p. 57) is also described from W. China. Also A. Halimede, Menetries (Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 101, pl. 8, figs. 5, 6). Habitat. Amurland; Corea. A. meridionalis, Felder (Staudinger in Romanoff’s Mem. Lep. 1887, p. 147, pl. 16, fig. 9,10). Habitat. W. China.
SATY RIN, 17
Genus EUMENIS.
Eumenis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 58 (1816); Samml, Exot. Schmett. 11, pl. 85 (1820-26). Stephens, Catal. Brit. Lep. B. M. p. 7 (1850). Scudder, Amer. Acad. A. and Sci. Boston, 1875, peli
Hipparchia (part) Auctorum (nee Fabricius),
Tuaco.—Male. Forewing elongate, subtriangular, rather narrow ; costa slightly arched, apex obtusely pointed, exterior margin oblique, posterior angle rounded, posterior margin long, straight; base of wing hairy; costal and median vein swollen at the base; cell long, extending to three-fifths the length, rather narrow ; disco- cellulars outwardly-oblique, upper radial emitted from close to subcostal, lower radial from the middle; median veinlets very wide apart; crossed by a medial discal inwardly-oblique glandular patch, which also extends within lower edge of the cell to beyond its end, and is clothed with laxly-raised, outwardly-curved elongated claviform almost transparent scales, between which are interspersed numerous dark coloured short androconia, which are extremely slender, attenuating to their end,
and have a dilated tip, the androconia being scarcely perceptible, unless forcibly dislodged from their positions. Hindwing bluntly-ovate, exterior margin scalloped ; base hairy; cell long, extending more than half the wing; discocellular very long, oblique, recurved ; middle median starting at some distance before end of the cell. Palpi densely clothed in front to the tip; antennz slender, with a very short, broad, slightly pointed, flattened spatular club. Hyes naked.
Aputt CarerPrntAr.—* One and a half inch in length, tapering much to the anal forked extremity, and a little towards the head, which is globular; ground colour of the back delicately mottled drab, with longitudinal stripes broadest along the middle segments, viz. a dorsal stripe of olive brown, very dark at the beginning of each segment, with a thin edging of brownish-white; subdorsal region with three longitudinal stripes, the first composed of a double narrow line of yellowish-brown, the second wider, and of the mottled ground colour, edged with paler above and with white beneath, the third, of similar width, is of a dark grey-brown, edged above with black; spiracular stripe broader, and of nearly equal width, pale ochreous- brown, edged with brownish-white above and below; spiracles black; ventral surface and legs drab colour. Head brown, delicately marked with darker brown stripes. Feeds on grasses.”
Curysatis.—* Obtuse, rounded, tumid, and smooth; abdominal rings scarcely visible, and wholly of a deep red mahogany colour. Formed in a hollow space below the surface, close to the roots of the grass, yet free from them, with the particles of sand and earth very slightly cohering together.” (Buckler.)
Type.—H. Semele.
vou. 1. August 10th, 1892. Dax
18 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
EUMENIS DIFFUSA.
Hipparchia diffusa, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 147, g. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of "India, ete., i. p. 186 (1883).
Twaco.—Male. Upperside similar to H. Semele, with the glandular patch on the forewing less prominent, the ochreous patches enclosing the ocelli obscured and more diffused, and also those between the intervening veins. On the hindwing the discal ochreous-band is very much broader, extending to the costa, and is uniformly ochreous from its sinuous outer edge to its medial angulated edge—this band thus being more like that in the female of Semele, and the subanal ocellus is not ringed with paler yellow. On the underside of the forewing the pale outer discal band is broader than in #. Semele. Hindwing similar, but more densely mottled.
Expanse, 3 2% inches.
Hasrtat.—N.-W. Himalaya.
We have examined the type specimen of this species, now in the British Museum collection, and find that it is a male, not a female Mr. Butler in his original description.
The only specimen we have had under examination is that of the type above referred to. Mr. A. Graham-Young (Ent. Monthly Mag. 1885, p. 130) records its capture as follows :— Hipparchia diffusa was, when I first took itin the Ravi Basin (I found it not uncommon in 1866 and 1867), at once recognized by me as merely a variety of H. Semele, and I had the less difficulty in coming to this conclusion, for whereas the specimens of H. Semele (which is very common in Persia) I took near Tabriz and other parts of Azerbijan, agreed exactly with English specimens, those taken in the Shemron, due north of Tehran, had a slight tendency to vary, and specimens from Sharood-i-Bostan and the mountains near Meshed showed a further, but still very slight variation. I have no doubt the ‘ missing links’ will turn up in Afghanistan, and that this form from the Ravi Basin, as far as we know, the eastern limit of H. Semele, will prove inseparable from the European type.”
as erroneously indicated by
EUMENIS BALDIVA (Plate 98, fig. 1, la, ¢ @).
Lasiommata Baldiva, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 499, pl. 30, fig. 4 @.
Amecera Baldiva, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 163; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 127 (1868).
Hipparchia Baldiva, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 188 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing dusky cinerescent-brown; with a more
or less dusky-black inner discal oblique broad glandular patch, which is clothed with laxly-disposed raised outwardly-curved elongated clavate scales, interspersed with long bulbous androconia, having a fine hair-like end, and a divergent feathery-tip, these androconia varying in length, and some being extremely fine and hair-hke
SAT YRINZ. 19
throughout ; across the outer disc is a bright ochreous band of nearly equal width, the outer edge of which is defined by a dusky lunular line, the inner edge being sinuous; within the band is a small upper and a lower black spot, and sometimes two intervening white dots. Hindwing paler cinereous-brown; with a similar-coloured medial-diseal curved band, within which is a very small black spot between the lower median veinlets. Cilia cinerescent-white, very slightly alternated with brown on the forewing. Underside whitish-cinereous. Forewing with the inner-discal area and middle of the band, as above, paler ochreous, the upper black spot with a white pupil and pale ochreous outer ring, the lower spot minute; costal border and exterior margin crossed by greyish-black strigze. Hindwing thickly covered with greyish-black, or ochreous-grey, strige; crossed by an ill-defined subbasal zigzag blacker line, a well-defined discal line with pale outer border, and by a submarginal sinuous line ; between the two latter is a small white-pupilled black spot above the lower median veinlet.
Female. Upperside paler. Forewing with the discal band broader, its inner edge angulated at the upper median and below the lower median, the black spots larger than in male, the upper one with a minute white pupil, and between them is one, sometimes two, small white spots surrounded by brown speckles. Hindwing as in the male. Underside similar to the male. Forewing with the two white dots between the discal spots. Hindwing with the transverse zigzag lines less defined. Body cinerescent-brown; abdomen paler; collar, side of palpi, and legs beneath cinereous-white. Antenne cinereous-brown, the broad spatular club black beneath.
Expanse, ¢ 13, ¢ 22 inches.
Hasitat.—_Spiti, Upper Kunawur ; W. Tibet.
Distrisvtion.—Obtained by Col. A. M. Lang (P.Z.S. 1865, 499) “on the bare, brown, stony mountain slopes of Spiti, Upper Kunawur, Tibet, where this species seems to delight in the hot weather of June and July ;’”’ and in his “ MS. Notes”’ says, “taken between Shipkee and Broopcha, 10,000 feet, Tibet, in July.”’ It was also collected by Mr. J. H. Leech at Skardo, 7-8000 feet elevation, in July, 1887.
EUMENIS LEHANA (Plate 98, fig. 2, 2a, 3 9). Hipparchia Lehana, Moore, Annals, Nat. Hist. 1878, p. 227; ad. Yarkund Mission, Lep. p. 1, pl. 1, fig. 4, ¢ (1879). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 188, pl. xvi. fig. 48, 9 (1883).
Imaco.—Allied to H. Baldiva. Upperside paler in colour, the discal trans- verse ochreous-band broader on both wings, and on the forewing the posterior inner edge of the band, in both sexes, is inwardly oblique. In both sexes the small ocellus on the band above the analangle is absent on the upper and underside. The
underside is also much paler, and the transverse sinuous lines wider apart. D2
20 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Expanse ¢ 2 to 23, 9 22 to 2% inches.
Hasirat.—Leh, Kharbu ; Ladak.
Distrinution.—T he type specimens were obtained by the late Dr. F. Stoliczka, at Leh, in September, and at Kharbu, 13,000 feet, in Ladak. Mr. L. de Nicéville “* took one male and two females at Chanagund, Ladak, in June” (Butt. Ind. i. 188). Capt. H. B. Hellard obtained specimens in the ** Indus Valley, between Skardo and Dras River, in July.” Mr. J. H. Leech caught it on the road to Skoro La and Braldo in July, at 12,000 feet, and Mr. MacArthur obtained it at Kardong at 14,000 feet, in August, 1889.
Our illustrations of this species on Plate 98, fig. 2, represents the male type, reproduced from the plate in ‘‘ Yarkund Mission ” above referred to, and fig. 2a that of a female from the Indus Valley, in our own collection.
EUMENIS THELEPHASSA. Eumenis Thelephassa, Hubner, Samm]. Exot. Schmett, II. pl. 85, figs. 14, g 9 (1820-26).
Hipparchia Thelephassa, Klug, Sym. Phys. Ins. pl. 29, figs. 1-4 (1832), Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit.
Mus. p. 51 (1868), Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 187 (1883).
Satyrus Thelephassa, H. Scheffer, Eur, Schmett. I. figs. 178-9, et figs. 305-6 (1844-6).
Satyrus Anthelea, Boisd. Icones Hist. Lep. pl. 41, figs. 3, 4 (1832), 9; Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 65, fig. 3 (1851), ?.
Iwaco.—Male. Upperside cinerescent-brown, cilia broadly alternated with cinereous-white. Forewing with a broad transverse outer-discal bright ochreous or fulvous band, the outer edge of which is almost even and is parallel with the exterior margin, the inner edge being angulated outward at the upper median vein ; within the band is an upper and a lower black spot with minute white pupil, and between them are two small white spots. An oblique discal dusky-grey black-speckled glandulur patch extends narrowly below the cell, and also broadly within the anterior half of the cell, where it is traversed by a prominent longitudinal oblique-streak of black scales ; this black cell-streak is clothed with densely-packed raised narrow oval scales, and the lower area beneath it, within the cell, with raised elongated pale grey claviform scales, which overlap broader-tipt oval dark scales interspersed with a few black very slender attenuated feather-tipt androconia ; below the cell the scales are elongated and pale grey, with a few underlying shorter oval dark scales, and many long slender attenuating feather-tipt androconia. Hindwing with a broad medial discal bright ochreous lunular-edged band, enclosing two very small white-pupilled spots between the radials. Underside. Forewing pale cimereous-brown, the discal area and lower part of the cell bright ochreous, the edges of the discal band defined by a dusky line, the two black spots and intermediate white dots, as in upperside, the upper spot being pale ringed; costal border crossed by dusky-black strigee, and exterior border traversed by a similar-coloured lunular line. Hindwing
SATYRIN A. 21
pale cinereous-brown, transversely mottled with darker brown; crossed by an indistinetly-defined subbasal and a more prominent brown irregular angulated discal line, the latter broadly outwardly-bordered by cinereous-white, and beyond which is a very small subanal black spot with white pupil, and a submarginal lunular dusky line.
Female. Upperside similar to the male (except in the absence of the sexual patch). Forewing with the inner edge of the discal band more acutely angular, and the outer edge lunular. Underside paler than in male, with similar markings, but less defined. Body cinereous-brown; collar, sides of palpi, and legs beneath cinereous-white ; antennz brown, with broad blackish spatular club.
Expanse ¢ 22, % 2 inches.
Hasitat.—S8. Russia; Syria; Persia; Beluchistan; 8. Afghanistan.
Disrrisurion.—Within our limits this species has been taken by Major Howland Roberts in the neighbourhood of Kandahar, who notes that it is “ very common at the beginning and middle of May in the nullahs and on the rocky slopes at the foot of the hills, resting under the shade of rocks and stones during the heat of the day, and flying about in the early morning and evening, when it is easily captured. In June scarcely a specimen was to be found.”’ (P.Z.S. 1880, 405.) Colonel C. Swinhoe also obtained it in S. Afghanistan, at ‘‘Chaman in May, at Quetta in May and September, and at Gwalin May. Fairly common.” It was also obtained by Colonel A. M. Lang at “ Quetta at 5500 feet elevation, in the Hanna Valley 6500 feet, and the Kawas Valley, 8000 feet elevation, where it was not uncommon among boulders in the gorges of the high valleys.” (Butt. Ind. 187.)
Genus CHAZARA.
Both sexes more robust than typical Eumenis (H#. Semele), and the general pattern of the markings en the upperside different. Matz.—Forewing more triangular, the glandular patch shorter, confined immediately below the cell, the patch clothed with laxly-raised outwardly-curved elongated broad-tipt dark claviform scales, interspersed with numerous longer very slender tapering dark androconia with feathery tips, the patch also being densely covered with overlapping hairs ; cell broader and shorter. Hindwing broader, more convex externally. Palpi much stouter, apical joint thicker and shorter. Antenne with a shorter, broader, spatular club. Hyes naked. Type. OC. Briseis.
CHAZARA SHANDURA (Plate 98, figs. 3, 3a, g ¢). Hipparchia Shandura, Marshall, Journ, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1882, p. 38, pl. 4, fig. 3, 9 ; Marsha and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., i. p. 191 (1888).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside fuliginous-black. Cilia alternated with - white.
22 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Forewing with a darker black broad oblique inner-discal glandular fascia; costal border with a few short black strigze; a broad yellowish-white streak occupying two-thirds of the cell from the base, and a transverse outer-discal series of longi- tudinal short streaks, the outer one, below the radial, being the longest, and divided in its middle by a black spot, the streak between the middle and lower median veinlets nearly obliterated by a large black spot with a slight white pupil. Hind- wing with a broad medial posteriorly-decreasing angular yellowish-white band. Underside. Forewing with the costal and exterior margin greyish-white, mottled with short transverse black strigze ; the cell and discal area washed with very pale yellow; a broad black bar crossing before end of the cell, and an irregular angulated discal band outwardly-bordering the cell from the subcostal vein to the posterior margin, beyond which is an upper and lower discal black spot with a white pupil, followed by a slender black lunular submarginal line. Hindwing greyish-white, mottled with blackish strige, which are more thickly disposed partly across the middle and across the disc, and there forming two ill-defined curved bands, the latter slightly showing a small pale central spot between the veins.
Female. Upperside. Forewing with similar yellowish-white markings, which are somewhat longer, and more confluent, that above the lower median veinlet much longer, and a small black spot being present below the latter. Hindwing as in the male, with the medial angular-band less defined. Underside similar to the male. Body fuliginous-black above, ochreous-white beneath ; collar, side of palpi, and legs beneath ochreous-white.
Hixpanse ¢ 23, 9 24 inches. Hasirat.—Northern Kashmir.
Allied to C. Heidenreichi, from the Altai mountains. Somewhat smaller; wings shorter; similarly marked above. On the forewing above, the male has a longer inner pale upper spot, the upper and lower discal black white-centred patch smaller, the lower pale spot more oval in shape. Hindwing with a broader pale irregular angulated discal patch, but with no white-centred black spot between lower and middle medians. On the underside of the forewing the two black white-centred discal spots are smaller, and the submarginal wavy black line is further from the margin. On the hindwing, the transverse mottling is much darker but more irregular, the discal portion having no well-defined black outer demarcating edge, this portion also being further from the outer margin of the wing, and has no ocellus on it between the lower and middle medians.
Disrrisurton.—T he female type specimen was “ taken by Major J. Biddulph on
the Shandur plateau in Northern Kashmir. Both sexes were also taken on the Skoro La, Baltistan, 13,000 feet, in July, 1887, by Mr. J. H. Leech. A male and
SATYRIN Zi. 23
female, from Kashgar, are in the British Museum collection, and also in that of Mr. H. Grose-Smith.
The illustrations of this species on our Plate 98, fig. 3, represent a male from Skoro La, kindly lent by Mr. L. de Nicéville, and fig. 3a the female, reproduced from Major Marshall’s figure above referred to.
Genus PHILARETA.
Mate.—Forewing much broader, shorter, and less triangular, than in typical Chazara (0. Briseis) ; costa much arched before the end, exterior margin almost erect; cell much shorter; glandular patch not present. Hindwing large, very broad, exterior margin scalloped, cell much shorter. Palpi clothed with shorter hairs in front, apex more pointed. Antenna with a stouter, longer, flat, more truncate-tipt spatular club. Hyes naked. Type. P. Hanifa.
PHILARETA PERSEPHONE.
Papilio Persephone, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. I. pl. 115, figs. 589-90, et pl. 140, figs. 710-11 (1805). Hipparchia Persephone, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit, Mus. p. 55 (1868).
Papilio Anthe, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. I. p. 169 (1807).
Satyrus Anthe, Boisduval, Icones, pl. 40, figs. 3, 4 (1832), 2.
Hipparchia Anthe, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt of India, ete. i. p. 192 (1883).
Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside dusky-brown, cinereous-brown basally. Ciha alternated with white. Morewing with an outer-discal interrupted band composed of whitish spots,the upper portion being elongated and divided in its middle by a square black spot, and its inner end angled upward to the costa, the next portion, between the upper medians, shorter and curved on its upper edge, the next longer and divided in its middle by a round black spot, the two lower portions shorter. Hindwing crossed by a medial-discal curved sinuous whitish band, the inner edge sharply defined. Underside cinereous. Jorewing with the costal and outer border mottled with blackish and brown strigez, the middle of the wing and macular band pale ochreous, the latter almost white and laterally defined by narrow black edging ; the two black spots distinct; posterior border dusky. Hindwing densely mottled with black and brown strigz; a more or less distinct angulated transverse sub- basal and a discal line, and a lunular submarginal line, the two latter with pale cinereous outer border. Body beneath, palpi, and legs brownish-cinereous ; antennal club blackish.
Expanse, ¢ 22 to 23, 2 22 to 2 inches.
Hasrrat.—S. Russia; Persia; 8. Afghanistan.
Distrieu110n.— Within our limits, this species has been taken in the neigh-
24 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
bourhood of Kandahar by Colonel C. Swinhoe, who obtained a single “ female at Chaman on the 14th May, 1880” (Ann. N. H. 1882, 206). This specimen has been
under our examination for verification.
Genus NYTHA.
Nytha, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 77 (1820). Scudder, Amer. Acad, A. and Sci. Boston, 1875, p. 231.
Hipparchia, Butler, Ent. Mo, Mag. 1868, p. 194; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 50 (1868), nec Fabricius.
Imaco.—Male. Wings large, broad. Forewing triangular ; costa arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin oblique, posterior margin short; costal and median vein swollen at the base; crossed by a broad medial-discal inwardly-oblique glandular patch, which also extends within lower part of the cell to its end only, and is densely clothed with raised very long slender serrate-tipt scales, and numerous interspersed long very slender attenuated androconia with truncate base and tasselled-tip ; cell very long, rather broad. Hindwing very broad, exterior margin convex, sharply scalloped; abdominal margin very long; cell long; discocellular much recurved, very oblique. Palpi densely clothed to tip. Antenne long, slender, with short broad spatular club. Eyes naked.
Type.—N. Hermione.
NYTHA PARISATIS (Plate 98, figs. 4, 4a, 3 2).
Satyrus Purisatis, Kollar, Ins. Fauna 8. Persia, p. 11 (1849) ; id. Denkschr. Akad. Wien. Math. Nat. Cl. 1, p. 52 (1850). Staudinger, in Romanoff’s Mem. Lep. 1890, p. 483.
Hipparchia Parisatis, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 58 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 184, pl. xvi. fig. 47 9 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep dusky-brown, with an olivescent gloss in some lights. Cilia greyish-white, slightly alternated with dark brown at end of the veins, more strongly on the hindwing. Forewing with the costal edge from near the base more or less thickly studded with greyish-white scales, forming a narrow bor- dering fascia, which is dilated before the apex, and the exterior margin posteriorly also studded with greyish-white scales forming a narrow band intersected by the brown veins; a broad dusky-black oblique inner-discal glandular fascia, which is clothed with densely-packed very long narrow foliate serrate-tipt scales, very numerously interspersed with long androconia with bulbous base, hair-like end and feather-tip ; an indistinctly-defined subapical and a lower outer-discal black spot, the upper one white-pupilled, and between them are generally visible two minute narrow white spots, which are situated above and below the upper median veinlet ; beyond is a narrow dusky-black lunular submarginal line edging the grey-white outer border. Hindwing with a broader greyish-white marginal sinuous-edged band
SATYRIN:. 25
intersected by the brown veins, the extreme outer marginal edge being also brown speckled at the vein tips; a single subanal black spot with white pupil between the lower median veinlets. | Underside pale purpurescent brownish-cinereous, palest on the basal area, thickly mottled, except on the lower part of forewing, with dark brown slender transverse strige. Forewing crossed by an angulated dark brown discal line outwardly edged with white, and a slender nearly even submarginal line, the latter also slightly pale edged; the subapical and lower black spot both larger, their intermediate narrow white spots also larger, and very prominent, the subapical and lower spot each with an ochreous and then a narrow brown outer ring, the upper spot also white pupilled. Hindwing crossed by a prominent dark brown angulated discal line outwardly bordered with white, and less-defined brown sub- marginal lunular line, between them is an upper and a lower prominent black ocellus, each with a white pupil, ochreous ring, and then aslender brown outer ring; some- times there is a minute ocellule present above the upper one.
Female. Upperside slightly paler than the male. Forewing with the ereyish- white costal and marginal border, discal black spots, and the two intervening white spots more prominent, and the discal transverse angular line of the underside slightly traceable. Hindwing with the marginal greyish-white band broader and more or less enclosing the subanal spot. Underside as in the male. Body above brown, cinereous beneath ; collar, side of palpi, and legs beneath cinereous-white.
Expanse, 2}, to 3; inches.
Hasrtat.—N.-W. Himalayas; Afghanistan; Beluchistan ; S. Persia.
Distrisutton.—The first record of the capture of this insect within our area is - that by Col. A. M. Lang (P. Z. S. 1865, p. 500), who “obtained it on steep pre- cipices over bare hill-sides above the Sutlej; the aspect of the insect on the wing is quite Nymphalidian, a soaring flight, swift if frightened, and pitching im all sorts of inaccessible spots. Subsequently found very common in Upper Kunawur, always on steep cliffs, pitching on rocks;” and, in his MS. Notes, also says, “ This is a Kunawur insect ; only to be seen on cliffs on bona-fide cliff ground, sailing about with rather a Nymphalidian flight, and perching on rocks with closed wings. Rather numerous in such localities as it frequents. Kotghur, taken in May; in Kumaon, from July to September.” The Rey. J. H. Hocking (P. Z. 8. 1882, 236) obtained it in the “ Kangra Valley, during the rains, June to September. Always settles under- neath overhanging rocks.” Major H. B. Hellard (MS. Notes) records it from *¢ Pangi and Urni in Busahir, July and August ; Kashmir in September, and Skardo in July.” Mr. L. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. 184) obtained it near Simla, and at Kot- ghur in the autumn, in Chumba in May, at Budruwah and Junglewah on the frontiers of Kashmir in June, and late in July near Bajaura, Kulu. Mrs. Deane obtained specimens in Chini in June, and in Gilgit by Major J. Biddulph in August.”
VOL. Il. E
26 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Major J. W. Yerbury (P. Z. 8. 1886, 357): “Common between Bugnoter and Abbottabad, 4000-5000 feet, September; between Abbottabad and Kali Pam in September ; also on the lower slopes of Thundiani; seen near Tret, in October.” Common also on the hills round Abbottabad in August, and common at Kairabad in May and June. Seen also at Attock.” (Ann. N. H.1888, 134.) Major Howland Roberts (P. Z. S. 1880, 405) obtained it in the neighbourhood of Candahar in 1880 ; it “frequents nullahs and shady places, and may be caught by dozens at a time. Abundant but local at the end of May, and in June in shady, moist places among the low, rocky, barren hills.”’ Colonel C. Swinhoe (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 388) records its capture at Mach, Bolan Pass, Beluchistan, in July and August, 1879 ; and at Chaman and Balgoi in May, 1880. The type specimen described by Kollar is recorded from 8. Persia.
Genus AULOCERA.
Oreas * Hubner, Tentamen, p. 1 (1816). Oken, Lehrb, 1. p. 740 (1815).
Aulocera, Butler, Entom. Monthly Mag. 1867, p. 121, fig. 1; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1868). Seudder, Amer. Acad. A. and Se, Boston, 1875, p.124. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 195 (1883).
Iuaco.—Male. Forewing broad, triangular, base hairy ; costal vein swollen at the base; costa slightly arched, exterior margin oblique and slightly convex; with an indistinctly-defined dusky-black inner discal glandular patch, which is clothed with moderately long broadly-oval dentate-tipt pale scales, very long narrow foliate acutely- dentate tipt scales, interspersed with long blackish androconiat with lengthened bulbous base and short hair-like end and tasselled tip; cell long, more than half length of wing; discocellulars recurved, upper angled close to subcostal, upper radial from the angle, lower radial from above the middle. Hindwing broad, base hairy ; exterior margin convex, slightly scalloped, anal angle rounded; cell half the length, rather broad ; discocellulars recurved. Palpi clothed with fine long hairs in front to the apex. Antennx rather slender, with a lengthened slender club.
CaterPittar.— A. Swaha. Colour probably black, but so very thickly clothed with short bright yellow hairs, that it is almost impossible to see what its ground colour is; head and legs black. Found upon the wild blue Iris.”
* Preoceupied in 1804 for a genus of Mammals.
+ In A. Swaha, Loha, and Chumbica the androconia are absent, though the patch is present. In the European species, Proserpina, the androconia are very slender, with an attenuated lengthened truncate base.
SATYRIN 4. 27
Curysatis.—* Attached to the centre of the leaf by the tail, with a bright yellow thread across, head upwards.’ (Captain A. Graham-Young.) Type.—A. Brahminus.
AULOCERA BRAHMINUS (Plate 99, figs. 1, la, f 9). Satyrus Brahminus, Blanchard, Jaequemont’s Voy. dans !’Inde, IV. Ins. p. 22, pl. 2, fig. 4 (1844) 3 only (nee figs. 5, 6). Aulocera Brahminus, Butler, Entom. Monthly Mag. 1867, p. 121, fig. 1. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 198, pl. XVI. fig. 49, g (1883). Aulocera Werang, Lang, Entom. Mo. Mag. (1868), p. 247 ¢ ¢. Aulocera Weranga, Lang, Ent. Mo. Mag. (1869) p. 35. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 266.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent blackish-brown, bronzy in some lights. Cilia broadly alternated with white. orewing with an indistinctly apparent dusky-black inner-discal glandular fascia which is clothed with moderately-long broadly-oval dentate-tipt pale scales, very long narrow foliate acutely dentate-tipt scales, interspersed with long blackish androconia with lengthened bulbous base and short hair-like end and tasselled tip; across the disc is a series of well-separated small white spots, with a divergent spot and slender streaks to the costa beyond the cell, and with an intervening black spot between the radials. Hindwing crossed by a slightly-recurved medial narrow sinuous-edged white band cut by the dark veins, the contour of the outer edge of the band being somewhat angulated at the upper median veinlet, and the entire band decreasing in width to the analangle. Underside paler, but brighter coloured, and of a more or less olivescent ochreous-brown. Forewing with the costal and apical border thickly mottled with darker strigze edged with ochreous; discal band broader, duller in tone, and olivescent-white, more diffused externally, the lower portion and the divergent portion each continuous, the subapical black spot with white pupil and conspicuous. Hindwing densely mottled with brighter olivescent-ochreous edged blackish transverse strigee, some of which at the end of the veinlets are edged with cinereous white, the disc most clouded, and with a more or less apparent series of three or four whitish spots; medial transverse band olivescent ochreous-white, broader than on upperside and more angulate externally.
Female. Upperside. Forewing with the transverse series of spots somewhat longitudinally narrower and elongated ; the band on the hindwing more regular in its course, but of the same width asin male. Underside as in the male.
Expanse, 3 2% to 28, ? 28 to 27 inches.
Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas.
Distrisution.—The ‘‘ Himalayas” is given as the locality of this species by Blanchard (Jacq. Voy. 22). Col. A. M. Lang (Ent. M. Mag. 1868, 247) gives * Werang Pass, Upper Kunawur,”’ as the habitat of his species (Weranga), also
E 2
28 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
remarking that “it appears, however, to be very rare, as I have seen but three speci- mens ; these were all taken by me at an altitude of 12,000 feet, about 1000 feet below the bleak and bare summit of the Werang Pass, amidst the rocky, grassy ground just clear of the forests of pine and cedars. Dr. Jerdon obtained a single specimen at Goolmurg, 9000 feet above the Valley of Cashmere.” he authors of “ Butterflies of India, &c.” (p. 199) state that ‘ A. Brahminus is found, so far as we have any certain knowledge, only in the N.-W. Himalayas at from 7000 to 13,000 feet eleva- tion. Mr, Graham Young took numerous specimens in 1880, in June, on the Ser-ka- joth in North Mandi, two miles south of the Kulu frontier, and forty miles south of the snowy range at barely 8000 feet elevation ; these were typical Brahminus. Mr. de Nicéville found it very plentifully on the banks of the Chandra Bhaga river, in July, near Koksir on the borders of Lahul at 7000 feet elevation, and again at Kailing in Lahul at about 9000 feet in the same month; all these specimens being of the Weranga form with the ochreous predominating on the underside, and one, a female, from Kailang, has the nervures powdered with white scales and the whitish black- encircled spots of Scylla. In Lahul, specimens were taken by the Rev. A. Heyde, at Patseo, 11,000 feet, in July, which differ from the usual form in the great predomi- nance of the grey irrorations. In Pangi, on the Sach Pass, Mr. R. Ellis took at an elevation of 13,000 feet, in August and September, some examples in which the pre- vailing ochreous is beautifully contrasted with the grey markings, and dark brown strie ; the veins in these are powdered with white, as in Scylla; and finally a large series were taken by Mrs. Bazett at Goolmurg, in Kashmir, in July at from 9000 to 10,000 feet elevation, showing every gradation between typical Brahminus and typical Weranga.’ Mr. de Nicéville (Indian Agriculturist, January Ist, 1880) states that “it always settles on the ground with its wings closed, and then shuts the upper wings into the lower ones, so that only the lower wings and the extreme tips of the upper are visible.” Major H. B. Hellard obtained it at “ Pangi, in Busahir, in July and August, and in Cashmere in August and September” (MS. notes). Mr. J. H. Leech obtained specimens in the Deosi plains in August, 1887.
AULOCERA SCYLLA.
Aulocera Scylla, Butler, Ent. Monthly Mag. 1867, p. 122, ¢. Doherty, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1886, p. 118.
Male. ‘ Upperside blackish-fuscous, with a whitish discal fascia, macular on the forewing, slender and obsolete near the anal angle on the hindwing, bifureate at the apex of forewing, and including an oval black spot. Cilia whitish, variegated with black. Underside paler, covered with blackish striz ; the subapical spot of fore- wing ocellated ; hindwing very slightly yellowish, an outer discal series of whitish spots tinged outwardly with black, the discal fascia distinct at the analangle. Most
SATYRINZ, 29
nearly allied to A. Brahminus, but differs in its much smaller size, less sinuated margins, more slender central band, and on the underside in having a row of white spots placed in an arc outside the central band. I have seen three specimens of this species, which all appear to agree in size, pattern, and coloration.” Mr. Butler adds (Ent. M. Mag. 1868, 248) that “ the veins on the underside of the hindwing are powdered with whitish scales.”
Expanse, ¢ ¢ 2+ inches.
Hasitat (of type).—Between Nepal and Tibet Tartary.
Both sexes smaller in size than typical Brahminus. Upperside. Forewing with the macular band composed of smaller and longitudinally narrower spots, the band on hindwing also composed of transversely narrower portions. Underside of both wings also with the bands narrower. Hindwing with the veins white-speckled throughout, and with a series of distinct small white spots, each with a dark brown outer border. Expanse, 2} inches.
Distripu1ion.— The type specimen of A. Scylla, described by Mr. Butler, and now in the British Museum collection, bears a label with the inscribed locality of ‘‘ near Tibet,” which was evidently misread by that author for ‘‘ Silhet,” and was erroneously so printed in the original description. I was fortunate enough to discover this error of the locality on the label when examining the type specimen, and upon referring to the “ Museum Register ”’ it was found that this specimen was taken “ by Major Charlton between Nepal and Tibet Tartary.” There are also two female specimens in the British Museum, captured by Dr. Duthie “near Kutta, 13-14,000 feet, N.-E. Kumaon, in August.” Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 118) records A. Scylla ‘‘ from the Pindari Glacier, and North Byeri above Furkya, North- West Kumaon, 12-14,000 feet; at Garbyan, 12,000 feet; Lepu Lek, 16,000 feet, North-East Kumaon,” remarking also that the prehensores are distinct from those of Brahminus. The latter has the uncus, seen from above, longer and its branches more slender. Seen from the side, Scylla has the uncus and its branches parallel and nearly in the same horizontal plane, and the top of the uncus is knobbed, while in Brahminus it is smooth, and the branches diverge downwards from it. The clasp has its upper limb toothed horizontally, in Scylla vertically. The present species is small, ochreous-grey below, with a discal line of white spots on the hindwing below, the band there crooked ; on the forewing below, the ocellus is pupilled with white and the band is wide and united. I have caught it flying with Brahminus, from which I consider it distinct, in the meadows near Furkya.”
AULOCERA BRAHMINOIDES (Plate 99, figs. 2, 2a, 2). Satyrus Brahminus, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 324 (nee Blanchard). Comparatively smaller than A. Brahminus. Forewing with the macular band
30 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
composed of shorter spots, those between the medians regularly oval in shape, the subapical black spot entirely absent. Hindwing with a broader medial band, which is of uniform width throughout its length to the anal angle. Underside much darker than in Brahminus, with blacker strigez, and which are all edged with cinereous-white (not with olivescent-ochreous) ; the band on both wings as on the upperside, and the subapical white-pupilled black spot (always present in Brahminus) entirely absent.
Expanse, 22 inches.
Hasitat.—Chumbi Valley, Sikkim-Tibet.
Obtained by Mr. H. J. Elwes’ native collectors in the Chumbi Valley, Sikkim- Tibet, in July and August, 1883.
AULOCERA CHUMBICA (Plate 99, figs. 3, 3a, ¢ ?). Satyrus Padma, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 406 (nec Kollar).
Smaller than A. Loha. Male. Upperside. Forewing with the transverse series of discal spots half the size of those in Sikkim examples of Loha, the glandular patch broadly dusky-black, which is clothed with moderately long and broad dentate-tipt pale scales and longer foliate acutely dentate-tipt scales only, no androconia present in the specimens under examination. Hindwing with the transverse band also half the width of that in Sikkimese Loha. Underside of a similar dusky-brown colour and mottled markings; both wings with the bands narrower, as on upperside. Female. Both wings with the transverse bands narrower than in Loha on both the upper and underside.
Expanse, $ 2}, 2° inches.
Hasirat.—Chumbi Valley, Sikkim-Tibet.
Obtained by Mr. H. J. Elwes’ native collectors in the Chumbi Valley on the Tibetan frontier of Sikkim, at 1000 to 15,000 feet elevation, in August and September.
AULOCERA LOHA (Plate 99, figs. 4, 4a, S ?).
Aulocera Loha, Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 118. Satyrus Loha, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 323, pl. 9, figs. 6, ¢.
Imaco.—Smaller than A. Padma. Male. Upperside very dark olivescent blackish-brown. Cilia narrowly alternated with white. Forewing with an indistinctly defined discal glandular fascia, which is clothed with a few short broad serrate-tipt scales, and numerous long broad acutely-serrated tipt scales; no androconia present ; crossed by a discal series of very widely-separated pale ochreous-white spots, there being also two inwardly-divergent spots to the costa beyond the cell, all these spots
SATYRIN Z. 31
being conspicuously smaller than in A. Padma, more medially placed across the wing than in Padma, and transversely shorter, and those between the medians pyriform. Hindwing crossed by a narrower medial pale ochreous-white band. Underside brighter coloured, darker, and of a more olive-brown tint than in A. Padma. Fore- wing with the costa, interior of cell, and apical border slightly mottled with darker brown pale-bordered strige, those at the apex bordered with lilac; transverse discal spots medially-disposed as on upperside, and with an intermediate ill-defined white- pupilled black spot between the radials. Hindwing densely mottled with dark brown strige2 more or less edged with hlac; transverse band narrow, as on upperside.
Female. Upperside with similar transverse pale ochreous-white markings, medially-disposed as in male, but somewhat less prominently defined. Underside also with similar markings, those on the forewing somewhat larger, but less promi- nently defined ; the bands narrower than in Padma.
Expanse, d 22, ? 3 inches.
Hapitat.—N.-W. Kumaon; Sikkim.
The above description is taken from male and female typical specimens obtained by Mr. Doherty at Dankuri, N.-W. Kumaon, kindly lent for this purpose by Mr. L. de Nicéville. Mr. Doherty’s original description (1. c. p. 118) is as follows: ‘* A. Loha. N.sp. Smaller than Padma; cell of male smooth, sex mark not very plain; male distin- guished by the divergent white spots from the median band to the costa; the female by the band of the hindwing below being narrow, well defined and ochreous. The insect is darker than Padma, the apex of both wings glossed with lilac below, and the base of the hindwing greenish. It may perhaps be only a seasonal form of Padma.”
Distripution.— Mr. W. Doherty (1. ¢. 118) says: “I found Loha common on Bireg mountain, N.-W. Kumaon, from 9000 to 12,000 feet, in August and September.” We possess a male and female identical with the typical specimen above de- scribed, from the late General G. Ramsay’s Nepal collection, Mr. H. J. Elwes obtained it in Sikkim, remarking (1. ¢. 323), “I took it only on the Singalelah Range which bound Sikkim on the West between Tonglo and Phallut, at elevations of from 10,000 to 12,000 feet, in July, but it was most abundant on the grassy ridge beyond Sundukpho above the pine-forest, where it flies strongly above the trees, resting on their trunks, and settling on flower-heads in the open parts and on the edge of the forest.” In examples of these Sikkim specimens, under our examination, the glandular patch is clothed with somewhat differently-shaped scales from those present in the typical male above described, one form being longer and more oval with scarcely definable serrate-tip, the other lengthened serrate-tipt form being somewhat shorter, and with tapering base, the androconia being also absent.
LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
eo i)
Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate 92, fig. 4: represents the male, from Dhankuri, in Kumaon, and fig. 4a, the female, from a Nepal example.
AULOCERA PADMA (Plate 100, fig. 1, 1a, 2).
Satyrus Padma, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. 2, p. 445, pl. 15, figs. 1, 2 (1844), 2.
Aulocera Padma, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1867, p. 122; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 196 (1883). Doherty, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1886, p. 118.
Satyrus Avatara, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Compy. i. p. 229 (1857), ¢.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside very dark olivescent blackish-brown. Cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a broad distinct dusky-black inner-discal glandular patch, which is clothed with long pale foliate serrate-tipt scales, and long blackish andvo- conia with short broad bulbous base and hair-like tasselled tip—no short scales present; crossed by a discal linear-series of broad yellowish-white spots (those ordinarily proceeding inward to the costa being obsolescent or entirely absent). Hindwing crossed by a medial yellowish-white band. Underside nearly as dark coloured as the upperside. Forewing the palest, the costal and apical border broadly mottled with black strigze slightly edged with cinereous; the transverse discal white spots broader, diffused externally, with the usual divergent costal portion entire, the subapical black spot with white pupil, and distinct. Hindwing thickly mottled with cinereous-edged black strigze, which are more clouded externally; the transverse medial white band sharply defined on its inner edge, but diffused externally ; sub- marginal black lunular line diffused, and with a more or less indistinct subanal black spot with white pupil.
Female. Upperside. Jorewing crossed by similar but slightly larger spots and with a broken set extending inward to the costa beyond the cell. Hindwing with the transverse band as in the male. Underside of the same dark colour as in the male. Forewing with the transverse white spots larger and more disconnected. Hindwing with the mottled outer border more thickly flecked with cinereous, and the submarginal line less apparent; the transverse white band broader and more diffused externally than in male. Body and legs dark brown; collar and side of palpi cinereous-white; antenne dark brown, slightly reddish at the tip beneath.
Expanse, ¢ 33 to 33, % 3% to 42 inches.
Hasrrat.—N.-W. Himalayas.
DistripuTion AND Hasirs.—Of this species, Col. A. M. Lang remarks (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, 246), ‘I have always found Padma and Avatara in company, and they have appeared to me as sexes of the same species. They frequent quite different ground to Swaha and Saraswati, and appear at a different season, flying in May and June on the borders of oak and rhododendron forests at the summits of ranges
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SATYRINZ. 33
of from 8000 to 10,000 feet altitude. A second brood appears in July in the same localities. They fly with much bolder Nymphalidian flight than their tamer congeners Swahe and Saraswati, and they do not extend out of the Simla district mto Kunawur.” On the other hand, Mr. A. Graham Young holds that Padma and Avartara are two distinct species. He writes of A. Padma that “it is fairly common in Kula, and is double-brooded, the first brood appearing in June on the grassy slopes amongst and above the upper forests, at an elevation of 10,000 feet or so; the second brood appears at a much lower elevation, from 3000 to 4000 feet. It is very punctual in its appear- ance, as, in the fifteen years that I have observed this insect, it has never appeared earlier than the 1st or later than the 3rd of October. It is an extremely powerful insect on the wing, and very difficult to take; it flies down one hill, straight across the valley, and up the opposite hill at a great pace, keeping some ten feet from the ground, and very rarely settling.” While of A. Avatara he writes, ‘‘ Confounded with the above by superficial observers and cabinet naturalists; it is smaller in size than A. Padma, and much weaker in flight, taking but short flights, and is easily captured; a succession of broods appear throughout May, June, and July.” (Butt. Ind. i. 197, 1883.) Mr. A. G. Young subsequently writes (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1885, 129), “I first took A. Padma near Rajaori, in the Kashmir territory, in July, 1864, at but little over 3000 feet, and have in June, 1883, taken the same sex at Barkli, in the Mundi State, ina Deodar forest on the banks of the Beas, at barely 3000 feet. For some reason that I cannot explain, the females never appear to descend as low as the males do, and it is a very curious circumstance, that as far as my experience goes, the June and July broods seem to consist almost entirely of males. It was not until 1880 that I succeeded in obtaining a female in June, whereas in October the females are in a great majority, some faded, as though they had come out at the higher levels in the summer, and been driven down by the cold, whilst the greater number, to judge from their fresh condition, had but just emerged from the pupa. I never took but one worn and battered male along with this autumnal brood, which seems a true Amazonian one, all females, and appears in October between 3500 and 4500 feet.” Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 118), ‘‘There are two allied Species passing under the name of Padma. Of the true Padma I have both sexes from Narkunda, near Simla, and from the Galis north of Mari, but in Kumaon I obtained only females, taken in October and November in the Kali Valley, ranging from 7000 feet at Juti,in Chandans, to 2500 feet at Garjiaghat, and even lower. This species is the larger of the two; the other species, dA. Loha, is smaller.”
AULOCERA SWAHA (Plate 100, figs. 2, 2a, g 2). Satyrus Swaha, Kollar, in Higel’s Kaschmir, LV. 2, p. 444, pl. 14, figs. 1, 2 (1844). Aulocera Swaha, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 197 (1883). Satyrus Brahminus, Blanchard, Jacq. Voy. pl. ii. figs. 5, 6 (nec. fig. 4). vou. 1. August 13th, 1892. F
ot LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent bronzy-brown. Cilia alternated with white. Forewing with an inner-discal short broad dusky-black glandular fascia extending within the cell, which is clothed with moderately-short broad slightly serrate-tipt scales, and long foliate acutely serrated-tipt scales, but no androconia ; crossed by a medial-discal series of creamy-white or ochreous-yellow spots, which are somewhat short and small, a spot being always present (and sometimes an incipient narrow streak) diverging to the costa beyond the cell. Hindwing with a similar-coloured medial-discal band. Underside paler olivescent bronzy-brown. Forewing with the costal and apical border indistinctly mottled with pale-edged blackish strigze, the discal band creamy-white or ochreous-yellow, broad, its lower portion continuous, the divergent costal portion entire and continued to the edge; subapical black spot with white pupil more or less prominent. Hindwing more or less densely mottled with black strige, the strige being more or less edged witia cinereous ; the base tinged with green ; the submarginal lunular line irregular and diffused.
Female. Upperside with the transverse band as in male, but somewhat broader. Underside as in the male. Collar and side of palpi, ochreous-white ; legs brown.
Expanse, 23 to 3 inches.
CarTerPILLak.—“‘ Colour probably black, but it is so very thickly clothed with short bright-yellow hairs that it is almost impossible to see what its ground-colour really is ; head and legs black. Feeds on wild blue Iris.”
Curysanis.—* Attached to the centre of a leaf by the tail, and a bright-yellow thread across the pupa, head upwards, like a Lyceenid. Colour shining olive-brown ; head, spines, and tail black ; a white patch crossed by an irregular black band upon each side of the thorax; a circular yellow spot on each shoulder ; on each side of the dorsal segments is an irregular white mark. The colours, very vivid in the living pupa, fade rapidly upon the death of the insect. The imago emerges in a fortnight.” (A. Graham Young.)
Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas.
Disrripu1ioN.—This species is the commonest of the group, and according to Col. A. M. Lang (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, 246) “abounds in the Simla and Kunawur districts of the N.-W. Himalayas during the rainy season, from July to October, chiefly on grassy slopes and in fields near woods, also in open woods; from the outer spurs overlooking the Indian plains for 200 miles into the interior of the moun- tain ranges towards the treeless regions of Spiti and Tibet.” Major H. B. Hellard obtained it in “Simla, Masuri, Pangi in Busahir, and in Kashmir, from June to October.” (MS. notes.) Major J. W. Yerbury (P. Z. S. 1886, 357) records it as “common at Murree, August and September; Atabul, 9000 feet; Thundiani, Sep- tember.” In Kulu, Mr. A. Graham Young writes, “ Not uncommon in its peculiar
~
SATYRIN 4. 35
haunts, grassy hills at 7000 to 8000 feet elevation, from June to September.” (Butt. Ind. 197), and subsequently (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1886, 103) he records “‘ the discovery, after many years’ hunting, of the larva of A. Swaha,” having ‘‘ found it on the wild blue Iris during the first week in August, at about 8000 feet elevation, in the Upper Parbutti Valley, in Kulu.” In Kumaon, Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 118) “found it on all the hills of the Pindari district, 7000 to 10,000 feet, also on the outer ranges, Jagheswar, Takula, and the Dhoag, 5500 to 9000 feet, and in Chaudans in Hast Kumaon, 5000 to 7000 feet. A common species.”
AULOCERA SARASWATI (Plate 100, figs. 3, 3a, 3 2).
Satyrus Saraswati, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, IV. 2, p. 445, pl. 14, figs. 3, 4 (1844), 9 , Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. pl. 82 (1887).
Aulocera Saraswati, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1867, p. 121; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1868) ; Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 200 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent blackish-brown. Cilia broadly alter- nated with white. Forewing crossed by a medial-discal broad yellowish-white com- pact macular band, composed of almost quadrate spots, with a black spot dividing the two longitudinally disposed between the radials; a more or less prominent narrow discal black angular glandular patch, which is clothed with very long foliate acutely serrate-tipt pale scales, some short broad serrate-tipt scales, and interspersed with blackish androconia with broad bulbous base, hair-like end, and _tasselled tip. Hindwing crossed by a broad yellowish-white uninterrupted discal band, which slightly decreases in width above anal angle. Underside pale olivescent- ochreous ; crossed by a pale ochreous-white band, which is whitest on the forewing, as on upperside, the inner edge of the band being defined by a dark brown line, the outer edge being diffused, the subapical black spot prominent and white-pupilled ; the basal area and the broad outer border delicately mottled with transverse black strigee, and the outer border traversed by a blackish diffused fascia, which latter, on
the hindwing, is more or less sinuous, and where the marginal strigz beyond are
more or less whitish-edged.
Female. Upperside of both wings with the white macular band, as in the male, but shghtly broader, the subapical intervening black spot on the forewing generally having a minute white pupil. Underside as in the male, the blackish submarginal fascia being much less defined. Body above dark olivescent-brown; abdomen beneath pale olivescent-ochreous; collar, side of palpi, and femora beneath ochreous- white; tibiz and tarsi ochreous.
Expanse, ¢ 24 to 28, ? 28 to 3 inches.
Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas.
Distrisurion.—According to Col. A. M. Lang (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, 246), “ A.
F 2
36 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Saraswati is not quite so widely spread as A. Swaha, appears later, and disappears earlier ; in August it swarms, in localities affected by it, amongst the luxurious grass pastures on the less wooded slopes of the hills in the Simla and Kunawur district.” “Tn Simla it is not uncommon on the grassy slopes in the neighbourhood in the autumn months. In Pangi Mr. R. Ellis and Dr. Henderson took numerous speci- mens of both sexes in July and August.” Major H. B. Hellard, in his MS. Notes, records its capture at “ Pangi, Busahir, in July and August, and in Kashmir during August and September.’ Major J. W. Yerbury (P. Z. 8. 1886, 357) obtained it at Dewal in August, also commonly at Murree in August, and also taken in September.” In Kulu, according to Mr. A. Graham Young, it appears in July, and remains on the wing until the middle of October; it is common from 4000 feet and upwards, and greatly affects the thistle flowers, upon which numbers may be captured in their peculiar haunts.” (Butt. Ind. i. 200.) Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 119) obtained it at “ Pyura, above Loharkhet, the Dhoaj, Takula, 5000 to 7000 feet, in Kumaon.”’ Specimens in our own collection are from the late Colonel Impey’s and General Ramsay’s Nepal Collection.
AULOCERA sp, ——? Satyrus Loha, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 266.
Hasitat.—Manipur frontier, Naga Hills. Mr. H. J. Elwes (I. c. p. 266) records “‘two female specimens taken by Mr. W. Doherty at Mao, on the Manipur frontier of the Naga Hills, at 8000 feet elevation, in August.”
AttieD CuINese Species or AvLocera.—A. Sybillina (Satyrus Sybillina, Oberthiir, Ktudes Ent. 1890, p. 40, pl. 10, fig. 106). Habitat. W.China.—A. Merlina (Satyrus Merlina, Oberthiir, id. p. 40, pl. 10, fig. 105). Habitat. Yunan.—4A. imagica (Satyrus magica, Oberthiir, id. 1886, p. 24, pl. 4, fig. 21). Habitat, H. Tibet.
Genus PARCENEIS. . Forewing similar in shape to typical Gineis (G2. Norna); venation similar, except that the cell is very much shorter, and there is no androconial patch in the male. Hindwing with the cell also considerably shorter, and the discocellulars less | outwardly oblique. Palpi somewhat shorter and more delicate, the apical joint being shorter and less conspicuous. Antennal club shorter and comparatively thicker. Type.—P. pumilus. Typical Gineis (Norna, Jutta, etc.) has the forewing, in the male, furnished with a conspicuous oblique androconial patch, and the cell area in both the fore and hindwing being much longer. The antenne in (neis has a longer gradually-
SATYRINZ. 37
thickening club; the palpi are somewhat longer. The pattern of the markings on the wings in the species of @neis is also somewhat different, the forewing generally haying two or three small submarginal ocellated spots on a pale ferruginous band, the hindwing also mostly having similar submarginal ocelli, whereas in Parceneis the pattern of the markings resemble those pertaining to the species of Aulocera.
PARGNEIS PUMILUS (Plate 101, figs. 1, la, ¢ 2).
Chionobas pumilus, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 490, pl. 69, figs. 6, 7 (1867) g. Eneis pumilus, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 238, pl. 15, fig. 37, g.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale ochreous-brown, darker externally ; the veins externally lined with darker brown. Cilia ochreous-white alternated with dark brown at the vein points. Worewing crossed by a medial-discal ill-defined pale brownish-ochreous narrow macular band, with an inward-divergent portion pro- ceeding to the costa from between the radials, and where there is a slightly-defined pale intervening-spot, this band being very similar in form to that in Aulocera. Hindwing crossed by a similar ill-defined pale brownish-ochreous narrow continuous band, which is angulated above the radial and at the upper median veinlet. Under- side. Forewing pale brownish-ochreous, the transverse band, as above, with dusky- brown edges; costal and apical border cinerescent, sparsely flecked with short trans- verse dusky-brown strige. Hindwing pale ochreous-cinereous, the veins cinereous- white, the transverse angulated-band pale ochreous and well-defined by dusky-black edges, the basal area and outer border thickly mottled with blackish strigee with pale ochreous edges.
Female. Upperside slightly paler, with the transverse band also less distinct, the apical border of the forewing and the outer border of the hindwing indistinctly mottled with darker strige. Undersideasin the male. Body above darker ochreous- brown; thorax beneath clothed with dusky-brown hairs; palpi in front, and legs dusky-brown ; palpi above pale ochreous. Antenne blackish above, annulated with ochreous-white, pale ochreous beneath with bright ochreous tip.
Expanse, d 14, ? 13 inch.
Hasitat.—Ladak.
Disrripution.—The type specimens were collected by the late Dr. F'. Stoliczka at ‘“Trantse Sumdo on the Lanak Pass at about 15,000 feet elevation, and at Pangchog.” Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 119) records “ a single female found on the moist ground at the edge of the snow-line on the northern side of the Lepu Pass, Chinese-Tibet, at 17,000 feet (N.-E. Kumaon). Specimens of both sexes are in Mr. J. H. Leech’s collection, captured at Gya, m August, at 14,000 feet, by Mr. MacArthur.
The illustrations of this species on our Plate No. 101, fig. 1, represents the
33 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
upperside of a male, and fig. 1a, the underside of a female, both figures being taken from Gya specimens kindly lent by Mr. J. H. Leech.
PARENEIS SIKKIMENSIS (Plate 101, fiz. 2, 2a, 3). @neis Sikkimensis, Staudinger, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 21. Chionobas pumilus, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 404, pl. 35, fig. 3 (nec Felder). @neis pumilus, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 327.
Twaco.—Male. Upperside uniform dark ochreous-brown. Cilia white alter- nated with dark brown. Forewing crossed by a well-defined medial-discal series of small ochreous spots, with an inward divergent portion extending to the costa from between the radials, where there is also a small intervening blackish spot with a minute white pupil. Hindwing crossed by a well-defined curved discal ochreous narrow broken band, the two portions beyond the cell being somewhat elongate and pointed externally, the other portions being more lunular. Underside paler ochreous-brown. Forewing with the costa and apex cinereous speckled ; across the cell are some blackish strigz ; the transverse discal series of prominent pale ochreous spots, as on upperside, black edged. Hindwing with the basal area and outer border densely mottled with black strige and speckles, edged with cinereous; crossed by a pro- minent pale ochreous curved discal irregular band, the inner edge of which is well defined by a black angulated line, and the outer edge by a lunular line, inwardly bordered with blackish speckles; all the veins cinereous-white speckled. Body above dark brown, thorax and front of palpi clothed with black-tipt cinerescent hairs ; sides of palpi and legs beneath cinerescent ; legs above ochreous-brown. Antenne above blackish, annulated with white, entire length below reddish ochreous.
Hixpanse, ¢ 14 to 1%, ¢ 1 inch.
Hasrrat.—Chumbi, Sikkim-Tibet.
This species differs from P. pwmilus on the upperside in its uniformly darker colour, the macular band on the forewing being very distinctly defined and composed of smaller spots; the band on the hindwing is also narrower. On the underside it is also very much darker in colour, and the band on both wings much more pro- minently defined.
Obtained by Mr. H. J. Elwes’ native collectors in the Chumbi Valley, Sikkim- Tibet, in 1881 and 1882.
Auuiep Species or Par@wnets.—P. Buddha (Gneis Buddha, Gr.-Gr. Hor. Soe. Ent. Ross. 1891, p. 458). Habitat. C. Asia.—P. palearcticus (Hneis palearcticus Staudinger, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 20). Habitat. C. Asia.
Genus KARANASA. Satyrus (part) Auctorum. Hipparchia (part) Auctorum.
Imaco.—Male. Wings somewhat elongated and narrow. Forewing subtri-
SATYRIN AE. 39
angular; costa very slightly arched, apex obtusely-pointed, exterior margin slightly oblique, convex, posterior angle very convex ; costal vein swollen at the base, median very slightly swollen ; cell extending beyond half the wing ; discocellulars outwardly recurved, concave before the middle, upper radial from a slight angle very close to subcostal, lower radial from above the middle; median veinlets widely separated ; crossed by an ill-defined broad inwardly-oblique discal glandular patch, which is clothed with a few short oval and some longer narrower sharply dentate-tipt scales, interspersed with several longer slender andvoconia, which have lengthened-bulbous base and short hair-like tasselled-tip. Hindwing ovate ; exterior margin very convex, slightly denticulated; cell extending to half the length; discocellular very oblique ; middle median emitted at some distance before end of cell. Body rather stout ; thorax and head very hairy; palpi clothed with lengthened fine hairs to the tip ; antenne with a rather stout short club, the tip being obtuse. Eyes naked. Type.—K. Hubner.
KARANASA HUBNERI (Plate 101, figs. 3, 3a, 3).
Satyrus Hibneri, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. III. p. 494, pl. 69, figs. 8, 9 (1867), ?.
Hipparchia Hiibneri, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 52 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 189 (1883).
Hipparchia Cadesia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 565, pl. 66, fig. 7,¢. Marshall and de Nicé- ville, Butt. of India, ete. i, p. 190 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep fulvous, exterior marginal line blackish, the end of the median veinlets on both wings ochreous-speckled. Cilia ochreous- white, alternated with dusky-brown. Forewing with the base, costal border, and exterior margin cinereous ochreous-brown ; an incipient upper portion of a dusky brown pale-bordered excurved discal line beyond the cell, which also curves along the subcostal veinlet, extends along the radials, and then sinuously edges the dark outer border of the wing; between the radials is a prominent subapical black spot with white pupil, and on the lower part of the dise is a short broad dusky- black glandular patch, which is clothed with a few short oval and. some long, broad, dentate-tipt pale scales, and blackish androconia with lengthened-bulbous base and hair-like tasselled tip. Hindwing with the base and abdominal border cinerescent purplish-brown ; crossed by an ill-defined inner-discal excurved angulated diffused dusky line, and a darker outer-discal obtusely-sinuous blackish line, and thus en- closing a curved medial-discal fulvous band. Underside. Forewing paler fulvous, yellowish below the costal border; the base, the costal and outer border brownish- cinereous, finely flecked with brown scales, the ends of the outer veins being white speckled; some short blackish strige crossing the base and the cell, the upper discal curved line (the lower portion being also very finely indicated) and sinuous sub-
40 LEPIDOPTERA INDIOA.
marginal line, and the subapical black spot, as on the upperside. Hindwing ochreous- cinereous, numerously covered with short blackish strigze and intervening speckles, which are thickest disposed at the base; veins prominently white lined ; crossed by an indistinctly-defined angulated subbasal and a more distinct medial-discal excurved angulated black line, the latter having a whitish outer border, and beyond is a sub- marginal distinct black sinuous line. /
Female. Upperside slightly paler fulvous. Forewing with the base pale cinereous purplish-brown, the outer border somewhat darker; crossed by an inner discal diffused blackish line, which is acutely angled outward on the upper median veinlet, the line also extends along the subcostal and then sinuously and prominently edges the dark outer border, thus enclosing a discal fulvous band, within which is an upper and a lower black spot. Hindwing with the entire basal area and outer border cinereous purplish-brown, enclosing a prominent fulvous medial-discal band, which is edged with an inner and outer black sinuous line. Underside. Forewing somewhat paler; markings as in the male, except that the discal line is more distinct, and the submarginal line more sinuous, there being also two black spots of the same size as those above. Hindwing also somewhat paler, with the transverse black lines more acutely defined, the subbasal line more distinctly angled within the cell, and both the discal and outer sinuous line being pale-bordered externally. Body cine- reous-brown ; collar, side of palpi, and legs beneath cinereous-white ; antenne cine- reous-brown, tipt with ochreous, with a rather stout short club, the tip being obtuse.
Expanse, ¢ 13 to 18, ? 2 inches.
Hasitar.—Lahul ; Spiti; Deosi Plains, Stakpila Pass, N. Kashmir.
Distaipution.—Dr. Felder (Reise Noy. 494) gives ‘‘Lahul and Spiti” as the localities of the type specimens. Under this species, a specimen of the female is recorded in * Second Yarkund Mission,” Lep. p. 1., as having been taken by the late Dr. F. Stoliczka at Leh in September.
Major H. B. Hellard records it in his “MS. Notes” as having been taken on the ** south side of Stakpila Pass in the upper part of the Boorzil Valley, North Kashmir, in July, 1873,” but whether these specimens of Major Hellard’s and those above noted from Leh refer to Htberni, as here defined, we are unable to certify. Mr. J. H. Leech obtained many specimens of both sexes in the Deosi plains N.-H. of Kashmir, at 13,000 feet, in August, 1887; others were taken by Mr. McArthur in the Chonging Valley, 15-17,000 feet elevation in July. Mr. L. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. 190), under this species, records ‘‘ two females taken by Major J. Biddulph at Gilgit in August.” Neither of these two specimens, which are now before me for examination, agree with true Hiiberni. One of them, certainly, is not this species — it is a larger insect, with very much paler discal band on both wings, and is two and a quarter inches in expanse.
SATYRIN AE. 4]
KARANASA LEECHII (Plate 101, figs. 4, 4a, 9 2).
Male. Similar to K. Hubner’, somewhat larger. Upperside of a paler fulvous, the ends of the median veinlets ochreous-speckled, the outer borders uniformly dark- coloured. Forewing with the basal area, including the cell, cinerescent ochreous- brown ; with a well-defined blackish broad imner-discal glandular patch extending throughout its length to the inner edge of the fulvous band, the patch clothed with broad serrate-tipt pale scales and numerous long bulbous androconia with tasselled- tip, these latter beg narrower than in K. Hubneri ; the sinuous submarginal edge of the fulyous band more acutely defined ; within the band is a subapical blind black spot, a very small spot also being present between the lower median veinlets, and below the upper spot are sometimes two or three minute black speckles. Hindwing with a somewhat broader fulvous band, the outer edge of the band more acutely sinuous ; the ends of the median veinlets not ochreous. Underside. Forewing paler than upperside, but somewhat clouded in the middle, the basal and cell strige obso- lete, the subapical black blind-spot prominent, the lower median small spot some- times absent. Hindwing paler than in K. Hubneri, the strige less, and more speckled throughout with whitish-cinereous edgings to the markings; with similar disposed subbasal, median, and submarginal sinuous lines, but the two latter are more acutely pointed, and the subbasal line is excurved within the cell (not angled as in Hubneri); veins white lined.
Female. Upperside paler fulvous than in K. Hubnevi, the costa and outer borders, and the basal areas also paler. Forewing with the edges of the discal band less defined; the subapical and lower black spot as in male. Hindwing with the fulyous band comparatively broader, its outer sinuous-edge being slightly nearer the exterior margin of the wing. Underside. Both wings as in male.
Expanse, ¢1§ to 14,?1{ to 23 inches.
Hasrtat.—Skoro La, Baitistan ; Chonging Valley, N. Ladak.
DistriguTion.—Obtained by Mr. J. H. Leech on the “Skoro La, Baltistan, at 15,000 feet elevation, in July, 1887,” and by Mr. H. McArthur, in the “ Chonging Valley, 15—17,000, July and August, 1889,” this valley being situated between the Upper Shayok river and the Dépsang plains in North Ladak.
KARANASA MODESTA (Plate 102, figs, 1, la, 3 2).
Male. Smaller than K. Leechii. Upperside with the entire basal areas and outer borders darker brown, and of a vinescent tint, the discal band narrower on both wings, prominently defined, and of a paler ochreous. orewing with a large conjoined black subapical spot situated above and below the lower radial veinlet, and a smaller black spot between the lower median veinlets; glandular patch indis-
VOL. IL. G
49 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
tinct. Underside. Forewing similar to Leechii, the conjoined black subapical spot with its upper portion minutely white pupilled; the lower median spot as above. Hindwing with similar markings to Leechii, the discal and submarginal sinuous-line being nearer together ; the veins white lined.
Female. Upperside slightly paler than in male, the discal band on both wings also paler and somewhat broader ; a single black subapical spot only present on the forewing. Underside. Forewing much valer than in male; a single subapical spot only, as on upper side. Hindwing as in the male.
Expanse, $13,?18 inch.
Hasrtat.—Deosi Plains; Kokser, Lahul.
Distrisution.—The type specimens were taken by Mr. J. H. Leech in the Deosi Plains, 13,000 feet elevation, in August, 1887; other specimens were also obtained by Mr. McArthur at Kokser, on the Chandra River in Lahul, in July, 1888, and on the Bara Lacha Pass in August.
Genus KANETISA.
Satyrus (part) auctorum, Hipparchia (part) auctorum.
Male. Wings much broader and comparatively shorter than in Karanasa. Forewing broad, short, triangular ; costa well-arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin oblique and hardly convex, posterior margin short; with a very broad transverse discal dusky glandular patch, which is clothed with shghtly-raised dark-coloured claviform scales with deep jagged-pointed tip, interspersed with very numerous long slender androconia with attenuated end and feather-tip ; cell somewhat shorter ; median veinlets much wider apart. Hindwing short, broadly ovate, exterior margin very convex, scalloped; cell longer and narrower; discocellular more oblique. Palpi more compactly clothed in front; antennal club shorter. Hyes naked.
Typez.—K. Digna.
KANETISA DIGNA (Plate 102, figs. 2, 2a, J 9).
Hipparchia Digna, Marshall, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Beng. 1882, p. 67,9. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. 1. p. 189 (18838) ?.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark vinescent-brown. Cilia cinereous-white alter- nated with dusky-brown. Forewing crossed by a broad decreasing discal deep fulvous sinuous-edged macular band, cut with the brown veins, and enclosing a large black blind subapical spot ; between the band and the cell is a broad inner-discal blackish glandular patch, which is clothed with slightly-raised claviform scales with deep jagged-pointed tip, interspersed with very numerous long slender androconia with
SATYRIN Zi. 45
attenuated end and feather-tip. Hindwing crossed by a discal curved narrow fulvous macular band, the spots being elongated, narrow, and with somewhat blackish edges. Underside. Forewing with the basal cell and discal area fulvous, paling to ochreous below the costa; costal border, the outer border, and base of posterior border brownish-cinereous mottled with blackish strige; inner line of the discal band indistinct except at its costal end, its outer line sinuous ; subapical black spot with white pupil. Mindwing pale brownish-cinereous, thickly mottled with blackish strigze ; crossed by a wavy subbasal and a somewhat angulated blackish discal line, the interspace between them forming a darker band, with its inner and outer edge broadly bordered with whitish-cinereous ; submarginal sinuous black line distinct.
Female. Upperside. Forewing with the discal fulvous band entire, somewhat broader and slightly paler, its sinuous inner and outer edge darkly defined, subapical black spots large. Hindwing with the discal fulvous band also entire, broader and with less sinuous outer edge. Underside as in male, except that both wings are paler; markings the same.
Expanse, d ? 22 inches.
Hapirat.—N.-W. Himalayas.
This species is nearest allied to the European congener K. Hrythia, Hiibner.
Drsrripution.—The type specimen was “taken by Major J. Biddulph, on the Shandur Plateau, in Northern Kashmir” (Butt. Ind. 189.) A male, labelled ‘* Gilgit,” is in the collection of Mr. L. de Nicéville.
Of the illustrations of this species on our Plate 102, fig. 2 represents the Gilgit male, and fig. 2a the type female, both of which have been kindly lent for this pur- pose by Mr. L. de Nicéville.
KANETISA PIMPLA (Plate 102, figs. 3, 8a, d ?). Satyrus Pimpla, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 494, pl. 69, figs. 10, 11 (1867),?. Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 60 (1868).
Hipparchia Pimpla, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 185 (1883) ¢ 2.
Tmaco.—Male. Upperside dark glossy olivescent-brown. Cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a black subapical spot, sometimes minutely pupilled with white and with an obsolescent pale iris; with a broad short inner-discal ill-defined dusky- black glandular patch, which is clothed with claviform scales with deep jagged-pointed tip, some underlying shorter fusiform scales, interspersed by several long slender an- droconia with attenuated end and feather-tip. Underside. Forewing pale cinereous vinaceous-brown, the lower part of the cell and middle of the dise ferruginous, leaving the costa, outer border and posterior margin broadly brown; the costal border and upper part of cell mottled with darker strigz; crossing the dise is a
G 2
44 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
slightly-defined blackish angular line, and beyond a lunular submarginal line; and between them is a large prominent subapical black spot with minute white pupil and pale outer ring. Hindwing pale cinereous vinaceous-brown, mottled with fine darker brown strigz ; crossed by a subbasal and a discal curved angulated black line, and a submarginal sinuous line, the two latter outwardly-bordered with whitish speckles.
Female. Upperside somewhat paler glossy olivescent-brown. orewing with a larger subapical black ocellus, with a distinct white pupil and pale ill-defined ochreous outer ring, below which are also two ill-defined pale ochreous spots between the medians. Underside with the broad borders of the forewing, and the entire hindwing pale brownish-cinereous, finely mottled with delicate brown strige. Forewing with the disc pale bright fulvous; crossed by faint traces of an inner diseal fulvous-brown angular line and a brown lunular submarginal line, the white pupilled ocellus with very pale outer ring. Hindwing crossed by a subbasal and a discal blackish angulated line, and sinuous submarginal line, the two latter with pale outer border. Body beneath pale brownish-cinereous ; legs above brown.
Expanse, ¢ 2, 2 22 inches.
Hasirat.—Western Himalayas; Afghanistan; Beluchistan.
Distrisution.—The type specimen, a female, is recorded by Dr. Felder (Reise Noy. 494), as having been taken at “ Chalichang in Ladak.”” <A “female was also taken by Major J. Biddulph on the Shandur plateau in Northern Kashmir; a male was taken by Lieut. H. Whistler-Smith at Sher Darwaza near Kabul during the late Afghan War ; and again quite recently by Colonel A. M. Lang, in the neighbourhood of Quetta, at Kawas, ona rocky peak 8500 feet altitude, in September.’ (Butt. Ind. i. 185.) Mr. J. H. Leech obtained the female at Skardo, Baltistan, at 8000 feet eleva- tion, in July, 1887.
Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 102, fig. 3 represents the male from Kabul, and fig. 3a afemale from the Shandur plateau, both kindly lent by the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and Mr. L. de Nicéville.
Genus MANIOLA.
Maniola, Schrank, Fauna Boiea, ii. i. pp. 152, 170 (1801). Scudder, Amer. Acad. A. and Sci. Boston, 1875, p. 211. Epinephele,* Hiibner, Verz, bek. Schmett. p. 59 (1816). H. Scheffer, Schmett. Eur, i. p. 81 (1843). Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, p. 194; Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 64 (1868). Epinephila, Stephens, Catal. Brit. Lep. B.M. p. 7 (1850). Iuaco.—Male. Forewing short, broad, subtriangular; costa arched, apex obtuse, exterior margin slightly oblique, posterior angle rounded ; subcostal, median,
* Preoccupied by Epinephelus in 1801, for a genus of Fishes,
SATYRINZ. 45
and submedian vein swollen at the base ; base of wing hairy; with a short, broad, very oblique dusky-black glandular patch extending below the cell, the patch densely clothed with raised narrow rather long slightly serrated-tipt scales, broader and shorter round-tipt claviform scales, some still shorter oval round-tipt scales, and very numerous long slender androconia with attenuated end and tasselled tip. Hindwing short, broad, somewhat produced at the anal angle, exterior margin very obliquely convex, and very slightly scalloped, abdominal margin long, Palpi hairy to the tip. Antenne rather thick, with a very lengthened gradually-thickened slender club. Hyes naked.
Aputt CaTprPiLiar.—* Green, with darker dorsal line, and with two pink anal points. Feeds on Grasses.”
Curysatis.—* Suspended by the tail ; the shrivelled skin of larva remaining and enyeloping the tail. Stout; head with two little horns; tail ending in a short stout curved spike, on top of which are a few straight feeble bristles, quite unfit for sus- pending it; on the ventral surface close to this spike is a rounded scutcheon with a central cicatrice, and on the front edge two little projecting knobs, which with the spike no doubt keep a hold on the cast larval skin. Colour green, with some brown spots and lines.” (Buckler Larve Brit. Butt. 66.)
Type.—M. Jurtina.*
MANIOLA DAVENDRA (Plate 103, figs. 1, la f 2). Epinephele Davendra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 502, pl. 30, fiz. 7, 69. Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 65 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 201, pl. 15, fig. 39, 9 (1883). Epinephele Roxane, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 491, pl. 69, figs. 12, 13, 9 (1867). Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus, p. 69 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 202 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upper side greyish-brown. Cilia of forewing greyish, of hind- wing white. Horewing with the area including the cell to near the apex and to near the posterior margin fulvous, enclosing a single black subapical spot, and thus leaving the brown borders well-defined ; obliquely below the cell is a short prominent dusky-grey glandular patch, which is clothed with raised large broad claviform scales with slight bluntly-serrated tips, some short broad oval rounded-tipt scales, and with numerous intervening long slender androconia with attenuated end and feather-tip. Hindwing without markings; cilia white, tipt with brown at end of the veins. Underside paler greyish-brown. forewing with the brown borders narrower, the
* An impression on waxed-paper, of a female of true M. Jurtina is in our possession, labelled ‘Kunawur,’ which we received from the late E. T, Atkinson, but as no specimen of this species has been recorded as occurring within our area, we are, consequently, very doubtful as to correctness of the locality, and have therefore not included it in the ‘ Lepidoptera Indiea,’
46 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
apex clouded, the outer border defined by a submarginal slender dark-brown line ; across the disc is a slender very ill-defined brown angular line, which is obsolescent posteriorly ; the ocellus prominently black, with white pupil, pale fulvous ring, and a brown outer ring. Hindwing indistinctly flecked with delicate brown speckled- strigee ; across the disc isan angulate wavy dark brown line and an even submarginal line, both with an outer white border; between them is a series of three small prominent black ocelli, one of which is situated between the radial and subcostal, the next between the lower medians, and the other between the latter and the sub- median veinlet but nearer to the outer margin of the wing, each ocellus with a white pupil, white ring, and then an outer brown ring; sometimes there is also a minute ocellule present between the subcostals.
Female. Upperside somewhat paler. Forewing with the fulvous area also paler and confined more towards the apex; across the disc is a more or less ill- defined slightly-angulate brown line ; the subapical black spot slightly paler ringed, and a smaller spot, also, sometimes present between the upper medians. Hindwing with the discal line and ocelli of the underside indistinctly visible. Underside as in the male, except that on the forewing the lower black spot is sometimes present, and on the hindwing the upper ocellus is either absent or very minute. Body beneath pale greyish brown; collar, side of palpi, and legs beneath white; antenne brown, annulated with white and tipped with ochreous. Expanse 2 to 2} inches.
Hasrrat.—N.-W. Himalayas (? Kabul).
Disrrisution.—According to Colonel A. M. Lang (P. Z. 8. 1865, 502) ‘this is a Tibetan and Spiti insect, affecting the dry hot summer of the rainless region of the Chinese frontier. Ona hot June or July day, these sober insects may be seen flitting about the stony hillsides, 9000 to 12,000 feet altitude—hill-sides where the Graminacez are scarce and brown, and grey Artemisiz and Ephedra form the prin- cipal vegetation. They do not occur in the moister and more wooded regions of the Himalayas ; but first appear on the confines of Upper Kunawur, in Spiti, and the Chinese provinces of Gughe and Nari Khorsum, Tibet,’ and in his MS. Notes records its capture on the road from ‘ Pangi to Tibet in July,’ and at Rogi in September and October.”’ The localities given by Dr. Felder (R. Nov. ii., 491) for his ‘‘ Roxane” are ‘ Kumaon, Spiti, Losar, Ladak, Kargil.” The figure given by the authors of the ‘“‘ Butterflies of India,” referred to above, is stated to be froma specimen taken in Kabul by Lieut. H. Whistler-Smith.
MANIOLA LATISTIGMA (Plate 103, figs. 2, 2a ¢ ?).
Epinephele Roxane, Butler, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 405 (nec Kelder). Epinephele Davendra, var. Roxane (part), Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 338.
Larger than typical M. Davendra. Male. Upperside. Forewing with the
SATYRINE, 47
glandular patch comparatively broader and longer, the subapical spot less prominent. Hindwing more deeply scalloped, and with the angulate pale discal line, the sub- marginal line, and the ocelli of the underside visible by transparency. Underside similar to M. Davendra. Forewing with the discal and submarginal line outwardly whitish bordered anteriorly. Hindwing with the upper and lower ocelli larger, the angulate discal line straighter in its upper and lower course. Female. Upperside. Forewing somewhat brighter than M. Davendra, the transverse discal brown line distinct and more or less outwardly pale-bordered, the ocelli pale ringed, the lower sometimes obsolete. Hindwing with the discal pale-bordered angulate line, the sub- marginal line and the ocelli of the underside more apparent. Underside with the borders of the forewing and the entire hindwing paler. Forewing with the discal line very distinct and pale-bordered anteriorly. Hindwing with the angulate pale- bordered discal line more prominent, and the ocelli somewhat. larger, the upper generally obsolete.
Hxpanse, 24 to 22 inches.
Hasitat.—S. Afghanistan ; Beluchistan.
Disrrizution.—Major Howland Roberts (P. Z. 8., 1880, 405) records it from the neighbourhood of Kandahar, being “found commonly at the end of May and in June in company with two species of Hipparchia (H. parisatis and H. Thelephassa.’’) Colonel C. Swinhoe obtained both sexes fairly common in the ‘‘ Hanna Valley at 6500 feet, Quetta, in October, also at Quetta in August, 1880, at Maach in the Bolan Pass, July, and at Ispingil in June, 1882.” Specimens were also obtained at Quetta in June, 1885, by Capt. E. Y. Watson.
MANIOLA BREVISTIGMA (Plate 103, figs. 3, 3a $2).
Male. Smaller than M. Davendra; cilia white throughout both wings. Upper- side. Forewing with somewhat narrower cinereous-brown borders; the glandular patch very short, not extending upward beyond the middle median veiniet; sub- apical black spot small. Hindwing with the pale angulate discal line, and large upper and lower ocellus of the underside visible. Underside with the borders of the forewing and the entire hindwing greyer. Hindwing with the discal white-bordered line more acutely angulate in its middle; and a much larger single upper and single lower ocellus each with broader white outer ring.
Female. Upper side similar to M. Davendra, except that on the forewing the discal line is more excurved, and the subapical spot larger, and sometimes a lower minute spot is also present. On the hindwing the discal angulate line and ocelli of the underside are visible. Underside as in the male, except that in some specimens there is a lower minute black spot on the forewing, and on the hindwing an incipient
48 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,
minute ocellule sometimes present above the large upper ocellus, and one also beneath the lower.
Expanse 3 ¢ 1% inch.
Hasitat.—N.-W. Himalayas (Dras and Indus Valley).
Distripution.—Specimens of both sexes were taken in Dras, at 11,000 feet elevation, in June, 1887, by Mr. J. H. Leech, and at Kardong, 14,000 feet, in August, 1889, by Mr. H. McArthur. Major H. B. Hellard also obtained it in the ** Dras River Valley in July, 1873, and in the Indus Valley on the Skardo Road, in July.”
Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 103, fig. 3 represents a male from Dras, and fig. 3a the female from Kardong, kindly lent by Mr. J. H. Leech.
MANIOLA TENUISTIGMA (Plate 103, figs. 4, 4a, 2).
Male. Smaller than Quetta examples of M. latistigma ; the cilia on both wings being cinerescent-brown throughout and with a fine white inner bordering-line. Upperside. Forewing with the fulvous area of a duller tint, the glandular patch very narrow, being only half the width of that in M. latistigma; the subapical blackish spot small and pale ringed; markings of the underside of hindwing not visible. Underside similar to M. latistigma except the forewing having the pale- bordered discal line much waved and more erect, and the discal line on the hind- wing also somewhat more erect ; ocelli a little smaller.
Expanse, 1¢ inch.
Hasitat.—Kojak, Beluchistan.
Nearest allied to M. comara, Lederer, from Shahrud, North Persia, but differing from it on the upperside in the forewing being darker fulvous, the sexual patch also darker and half its width, the apical spot somewhat smaller. On the underside the forewing is also darker fulvous, with a distinct transverse discal wavy brown line, and the ocellus somewhat smaller; the hindwing having a more even angulate line, which is broader bordered externally with white, the upper and the two lower ocelli each somewhat smaller and white pupilled.
Disrripution.—The type specimen was obtained by Colonel C. Swinhoe on the Kojak, near Chaman, in June, 1880.
MANIOLA NARICA. Papilio Narica, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett, 1, figs. 704—707 (1805), Satyrus Narica, Boisduval, Icones Lep. p. 212, pl. 62, figs. 3, 4, 5, ¢ 9 (1832). Epinephele Narica, Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 68 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 204 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside cinereous-brown; cilia white, slightly alternated
SATYRINA,. 49
with brown at end of the veins. Forewing with the discal area fulvous; the glandular patch brown ; subapical ocellus black. Hindwing without markings.
Female. Upperside cinereous-brown. Forewing with the discal area paler fulvous ; crossed by a slightly-defined angulate discal line; subapical spot large and slightly pale-ringed, sometimes a smaller lower spot also present. Underside of both sexes paler. Forewing with the borders pale brownish-cinereous, slightly flecked with darker strigz ; discal area paler fulvous; subapical ocellus prominent, white-pupilled and pale-ringed ; transverse discal angulate line indistinct ; a distinct submarginal denticulated brown line. Hindwing brownish-cinereous, indistinctly flecked with darker strigz ; crossed by a subbasal and a discal irregular brown line and a sinuous submarginal line, the subbasal inwardly-bordered and both the latter outwardly- bordered broadly with white, the space between the subbasal and discal line thus forming a darker media] band.
Expanse, 1? to 2 inches.
Hasitat.—S. Russia; Western Asia; Afghanistan.
DistTRIBuTION WITHIN OUR LimiTs.—Colonel C. Swinhoe obtained a single female at Chaman in 8. Afghanistan, on the 11th May, this specimen having been erroneously referred to M. interposita by Mr. Butler, in Ann. Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 207.
MANIOLA INTERPOSITA.
Epinephele interposita, Erschoff, Lep. Turkestan, p. 22, pl. 2, fig. 16,2 (1874). Butler, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1880, p. 405, pl. 39, fig. 1,g¢. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 206 (1883).
Iuaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent-brown. Cilia cinereous-white, lined with pale brown. Forewing with an oblique inner-discal short broad black glandular patch, and a large subapical black spot with a pale ochreous outer ring. Underside pale cinereous. forewing with the discal area pale fulvous; crossed by a very indistinct discal slender angulate pale brown line, and a more defined sinuous sub- marginal line, the latter line also bordering the upper half of the pale yellow-ringed white-pupilled ocellus; costal and outer border very indistinctly flecked with brown strige. Hindwing flecked with indistinct brown strigz, and crossed by a very ill-defined irregular discal brown line and a submarginal lunular line, the discal line outwardly bordered by a whitish-cinereous fascia ; between the lower medians is a very small subanal ocellule and another between the lower median and sub- median vein.
Female. Upperside brown, with an obsolete paler outer band. Forewing with the subapical pale-ringed black spot. Underside similar to male, except that the discal area of forewing is brighter fulyous, and the transverse discal angular brown
vot. 1. October 7th, 1892. Hq
50 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
line distinct. Hindwing also with the discal irregular pale-bordered line more distinct, the two subanal ocellules also present.
Expanse, ¢ ? 14 to 1% inch.
Hasrrat.—Turkestan; Afghanistan.
DISTRIBUTION WITHIN OUR LIMITs.—Major Howland Roberts (P. Z. S. 1880, 405) obtained a male and female in May in the neighbourhood of Kandahar. Colonel C. Swinhoe obtained a single male at Chaman in 8. Afghanistan on the 5th May, 1880. It is from this latter specimen that our description of the male is taken.
MANIOLA CHEENA (Plate 104, fig. 1, la, ¢ ?).
Epinephele Cheena, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 501, pl. 30, fig. 6, g 9. Butler, Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 65 (1868). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 205 (1883).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent umber-brown. Cilia brownish- cinereous. VWorewing with a prominent short inner-discal glossy grey-black glandular patch obliquely below the cell, the patch clothed with raised elongated rather broad claviform scales with acutely serrated tips, some shorter and broader similar-tipt scales, and some short and broad oval scales with an obtuse tip, interspersed with numerous long very slender androconia which have an elongated truncate-base, short hair-like end and tassel-tip; a subapical prominent black ocellus with minute white pupil and broad dark ochreous outer ring; in some specimens there are also two lower small incipient ocelli situated between the median veinlets, and in others there is only a lower but prominent small ocellule. Underside paler, cinerescent- brown. Forewing with the costal and outer border very indistinctly flecked with brown strigz, the cell and discal area dark ochreous ; crossed by a slender discal angulate brown line, and a straight even submarginal line ; a prominent subapical ocellus with pale ochreous outer ring. Hindwing indistinctly flecked with numerous brown strigw ; crossed by a very indistinctly-defined slender brown angulated sinu- ous line, and a less distinct lunular submarginal line; a more or less apparent minute ocellule above the anal angle. Body beneath cinereous-brown ; collar, sides of palpi, and legs beneath, pale whitish-cinereous; antennze above brown, tip black, cinereous beneath and ochreous at tip.
Female. Upperside. Forewing with three prominent discal ocelli, the upper and lower larger than in male, the middle one small, each with broad pale ochreous outer ring, the upper one with a minute white pupil ; between the ocelli and the cell the bright ochreous colour is somewhat slightly continued between the veins. Underside as in the male, except that on the forewing there are two larger pale- ringed ocelli.
Expanse, ¢ 2 to 23,2 2 to 22 inches.
SATY RINE. 51
Hasrrat.—Western Himalaya (Kunawur).
Disrrisurion.—According to Col. A. M. Lang (P. Z. 8. 1865, 202) this is ‘ the ‘“meadow-brown’ of the meadows of Rogi and Cheeni, in Kunawur (taken at 10,000 feet altitude, in June and July). It is limited in its range, not appearing to the westward, nor venturing further north and east into the drier lands affected by the two other Satyri (Hpin. Davendra and Las. Baldiva).” Major H. B. Hellard obtained it at ‘‘ Pangi in Bushasir, in July and August.” (MS. Notes.)
MANIOLA KASHMIRICA (Plate 104, fig. 2, 2a, 3 2).
Comparatively smaller than M. Cheena. Male. Upperside. Forewing with the apical ocellus much less defined, duller black, and with an indistinct very narrow brownish-ochreous outer ring; a minute blackish spot sometimes also present between the lower median veinlets; glandular patch similar. Underside with the margins of the forewing and the entire hindwing more ochreous in tint. Forewing with the discal area pale ochreous, the transverse discal line less angulate and less distinct, the ocellus somewhat smaller. Female. Upperside. Forewing with an upper and lower discal black spot, both with a pale ochreous outer ring. Underside as in the male, except that the discal area of forewing is paler ochreous, and with the two spots present.
Expanse, ¢ 1£ to 14, 91% inch.
Hasirat.—Kashmir.
DistrisutioN.—Obtained by Capt. R. Bayne Reid at Gulmurg. Both sexes also obtained in Kashmir, in July and September, by Major H. B. Hellard. Mr. L. de Nicéville obtained several specimens “‘ at Budrawah and Jora in Kashmir in June” (Butt. Ind. i. 205).
Genus CHORTOBIUS.
Chortobius, Guénee, in Doubleday’s List of British Lep. Edit. 2, p. 2 (1859); Lep. Dept. Eure et Loir, p. 29 (1867-75). Seudder, Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. Boston, 1875, p. 293.
Ceenonympha (part). Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 65 (1816). Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 141 (1844). Stephens, Catal. Brit. Lep. p. 9 (1850). Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 396 (1851). Rambur, Catal. Lep. Andal. p. 23 (1858).
Imaco.—Differs from typical Coenonympha (adipus, Linn.) in the forewing being comparatively longer, narrower, and more triangular in shape, thus having the exterior margin oblique and the posterior margin short. Hindwing also compara- tively longer and more triangularly-oval in shape ; abdominal margin distinctly excavated before the analangle; exterior margin also somewhat scalloped ; subcostal branches short. Antennz somewhat stouter, the club shorter and slightly grooved.
H 2
LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
ot bo
Tyrr.—C. Pamphilus (Linn.).
This genus embraces a group of European and N. Asian butterflies, which are intermediate between typical Maniola (Jurtina)—the males of which possess an androconial patch on the forewing—and Ccenonympha, distinguishable by the above characters. It also includes the well-known CO. Typhon (Davus, Fabr.) and its allies.
CHORTOBIUS PULCHRA (Plate 104, fig. 3, 3a, d 9).
Epinephele pulchra, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. 111, p. 491 (1867), ¢. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 209 (1883).
Imaco.—“ Male. Upperside as pulchella. Forewing with the fulvous patch less bright, divided by the fuscous veins, and cut through beyond the middle by an obsolete fuscous angulate streak, within which it is irrorated with fuscous ; the margin of the ground-colour beyond wider than in pulchella, the blackish spot larger. Hindwing irrorated with fulvous in the disc. Underside as in pulchella, but the patch of the forewing more restricted and brighter fulvous, divided beyond the middle by the streak of the upperside, but obscure ferruginous and more distinct, and the ocellus larger”? (Helder). Male. Larger than this sex of typical Neoza. Upperside similar, except that the brownish-fulvous patch on the forewing is duller and is less apparent, it is more restricted within the discal area, and thus leaving broader brown margins, it is also crossed by an indistinet angulate slightly-diffused brown discal line; the subapical black spot is also larger. On the underside, the greyish-brown borders on the forewing are also broader, the discal angulate-line distinct, the submarginal line is sinuous, and the ocellus much larger.
Female. Upperside duller fulvous than in Neoza, the discal angulate brown line more distinct and diffused. Underside as in the male.
Hxpanse, ¢ ? 1% to 1 inch.
Hasirat.—N.-W. Himalayas.
Disrripution.—Dr. Felder gives “ Kunawur; Pangi, Bisahir, and Chini” for this species. “ Mr. L. de Nicéville took several males at Dras and Tashgam, Ladak, in June; Mr. R. Ellis took it in Pangi in July; Mrs. Bazett obtained it in Kashmir at Baba Marishi, at 8400 feet elevation in June, at Katabal at 10,000 feet, and at Goolmurg at 9400 feet in July. Major J. Biddulph took a pair, male and female, on the Shandur plateau in northern Kashmir. Mr. A. Graham Young took a single female in the Kulu Valley” (Butt. Ind. i. 210). Specimens in our collection from Col. A. M. Lang, were obtained ‘below Rupin Pass, North, at 12,600 feet, in September,” a male also, taken by Capt. R. Bayne Reid at Goolmurg, and a male from “ Tashgam in Dras Valley, Ladak,” taken by Major H. B. Hellard.
SATYRINE. 53
CHORTOBIUS NEOZA (Plate 104, figs. 4, 4a, 4 9). Lpinephele Neoza, Lang, Ent. Monthly Mag. 1868, p. 35. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 209 (1883). Epinephele pulchella. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. pl. xv. fig. 40, ¢ (right hand half only).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside cinereous olivescent-brown ; cilia dark cinereous- brown. Forewing with the discal area broadly suffused with a glossy brownish- fulvous and indistinctly traversed by the brownish veins ; a subapical blackish spot. Underside ochreous cinereous-brown. forewing with the discal area bright fulvous, crossed by a very faint trace of an angulate discal red-brown line, and a lunulate blackish submarginal line; subapical ocellus prominent, with a minute white pupil and pale ochreous outer ring; costal and outer border very indistinctly flecked with brownish strigee. Hindwing indistinctly flecked with brownish-speckled strige, and crossed by an indistinct subbasal and a discal sinuous angulate blackish line, and a more lunulate submarginal line.
Female. Upperside paler brown. Forewing with the discal area brighter brownish-fulvous than in the male ; crossed by a very indistinct angulated brownish discal line ; subapical spot larger, with a pale ochreous outer ring, and sometimes with a minute white pupil. Hindwing with the submarginal lunulate line of the underside very slightly apparent. Underside. Forewing brighter fulvous than in upperside, the angulate discal line very indistinct, submarginal lunulate blackish line slender ; ocellus with white pupil and pale ochreous outer ring. Hindwing as in the male.
Expanse ¢ $¢ 13 to 1¢ inches.
Hasrrat.—Western Himalayas.
The male of C. Neoza is distinguishable from that sex of C. pulchra by its somewhat smaller size, wider area of the brownish-ochreous patch on the upper- side, and in the absence of the transverse discal angulate line. Colonel Lang, in his original description of the male of Neoza (l.c. p. 35) certainly refers to this form, and in a letter received (dated January Ist, 1875) he says, ‘‘ The original Neoza (from which I deseribed) were larger than pulchella, and free from the angular transverse line outside the end of the disc.”
Distrisution.—According to Col. A. M. Lang (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, 35), ‘‘ this species appears to be common in Goolmurg, Kashmir, although in Kunawur it seems to be rare and confined to only a few localities.” Our collection contains specimens taken by Major H. B. Hellard at “ Pangi and Runang Pass in Busahir ; at 10,000 to 12,000 feet elevation, in July and August, 1871, and at Tashgam in Dras River Valley, July, 1873.” Both sexes are in Mr. J. H. Leech’s collection, taken by Mr. McArthur at ‘“ Dana, June, 1888.”
54 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
CHORTOBIUS PULCHELLA (Plate 105, figs. 1, la, ¢ 9).
Epinephele pulchella, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 490, pl. 69, fig. 16 (1867), g. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 566. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. 1, p. 208, pl. xv. fig. 40, 3g (left hand half only).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside brown; cilia cinereous-brown. Forewing with a large fulvous discal patch extending to near the base; a rather large black sub- apical spot. Hindwing unmarked. Underside pale olivescent cinereous-brown. Forewing with the fulvous patch as above, the costal and outer border indistinctly flecked with browner strigw and hoary scales, the outer border edged with a very ill-defined brownish denticulated line; the subapical spot larger, white-pupilled, and encircled with a pale ochreous ring. Hindwing flecked with browner strige and hoary scales, and crossed by an ill-defined subbasal and a discal very flexuous brownish line, and a more macular submarginal line.
Female. Upperside as in male, except that on the forewing there is sometimes a lower median small black spot. Underside also as in the male, except that on the forewing the ocellus is somewhat larger and has a slightly broader encircling pale ochreous ring, and sometimes having a very small spot between the lower median veinlets. Body beneath pale cinereous-brown ; hairs in front of palpi blackish-tipt; collar, sides of palpi, and legs beneath whitish-cinereous ; antennze brown above, whitish-cinereous beneath.
Hxpanse, 613,21¢ to 1} inch.
Hapirat.— Western Himalayas.
Distinguishable from C. Neoza by the much brighter fulvous colour of the upper- side of the forewing in both sexes, and also in the absence of the transverse discal angulate brown line in both the male and female.
Disrripution.—The localities given for this species by Dr. Felder (1. c. p. 490) are “ Spiti; Losar, Dishungdeo, Kibber, Shalkar, Lupshu, and Rumbog in Ladak ; Karnag; Niri Sumdo, 15,000 feet; Padam; Abrang; and Marsmag.” Mr. L. de Nicéville (Butt. Ind. 208) records the capture of a large series of the male and of a single female at Dras and Tashgam in Ladak, in June, and Major J. Biddulph took a male at Astor at 7700 feet altitude in September, “and that it appears to affect higher elevations and to occur further in the interior than H. Neoza.”” Major H. B. Hellard obtained it in Kashmir in September, 1872, and Mr. J. H. Leech collected specimens on the Skoro La, 12,000 feet, in July, 1887.
CHORTOBIUS CEHNONYMPHA (Plate 105, fig. 2, 2).
Epinephele Coenonympha, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 492, pl. 69, figs. 14, 15,2 (1867). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 210 (1883) ?.
Iuaco.—* Male. Upperside fuscous, with the forewing below and the hindwing
SATYRINZE. ; 55
above the internal nervure obscurely and shiningly hoary. Forewing with an ocellus between the discoidal nervules, and another between the first median nervules, blackish-fuscous, blind, incomplete. Underside hoary-fuscous, paler in the exterior region, with a very obsolete submarginal line. orewing with a large fulvous discal patch, ill-defined, divided by a fuscous discocellular streak, and a most indistinct small fuscous fascia beyond the cell; the ocelli of the upperside blacker, the upper one with an indistinct ochraceous iris. Hindwing densely irrorated with blackish at the base, with a large fulvous patch on the upper base, with a smaller one above coalescing with it, circled with fuscous; the basal region darker, defined by an interrupted flexuous fuscous streak, and margined externally by seven unequal spots, the larger median one excepted, fulvescent, contiguous ; with a minute posterior ocellus, obsolete, broadly circled with ochraceous.”
“Female. Upperside as in the male. Forewing beyond the cell shaded with darker, with two blind black ocelli, broadly circled with ochraceous, especially the upper smaller one. Hindwing showing the markings of the underside. Underside as in the male, but darker. Forewing with the ocelli larger, more distinct, and with minute white pupils. Hindwing with two blind, whitish, subanal spots.” (Felder.)
Expanse, 1% inch.
Hasitat.—Suroo, Ladak.
Dr. Felder’s type specimens are recorded from Suroo, in North Ladak. We have not seen any examples from that district.
Our illustration of this species on Plate 105, fig. 2,is a reproduction of Dr. Felder’s figure in the Novara Reise.
CHORTOBIUS MAIZA (Plate 105, fig. 3, 3a, b, d 2).
Epinephele Maiza, Lang, Entom. Monthly Mag. 1868, p. 36,?. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 265, pl. 43, fig.6,¢. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 211, pl. xv. fig. 41, 2.
Iwaco.—Male. Upperside dark fulvescent-brown, with an olivaceous gloss in some lights; cilia cinereous brown. Forewing with the dusky angular discal line of the underside very faintly traceable ; a very small indistinct subapical blackish spot with slightly pale outer ring; and sometimes a lower minute spot is also apparent between the lower medians; sometimes both these spots are absent. Underside paler, but brighter coloured. Forewing with the discal area fulvous, traversed by the dark veins, the brown borders broad and diffused ; crossed by an angulated discal distinct diffused brown line; a small subapical distinct ocellus with white pupil and pale fulyous outer ring, sometimes also there is a minute blind ocellule present between the lower medians. Hindwing sometimes uniformly coloured
56 na *: LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
fulvescent-brown, but generally with the basal half more or less darker and olives- cent-hoary, the dark portion sinuously-bordered by a discal interrupted series of pale fulyous cuneiform spots, these spots in some specimens being very pale, and those between the medians sometimes yellowish-white ; there is also an outer minute pale subanal spot or ocellule between the lower medians, and a large fulvous subbasal patch cut by the subcostal vein.
Female. Upperside somewhat paler brown. Vorewing with the discal angulate diffused dusky line apparent, and an upper and lower prominent black spot, each with a pale olivescent-yellow outer ring, these spots in some being small, in others larger. Hindwing with the pale discal spots of the underside more or less traceable. Underside paler than in the male. Forewing with the fulvous discal-area generally more defined, the angulate discal diffused line distinct ; two ocelli always present, the upper one sometimes the largest, both with white pupil and pale yellow outer ring. Hindwing asin the male. Body beneath fulvescent-brown ; legs beneath and side of palpi paler; antennee with dusky-black club; eyes fulvous.
Expanse, d 212 to 1€ inch.
Haxirar.— Kashmir.
Disrrisution.—We possess specimens of both sexes of this species, obtained by the late Capt. R. Bayne Reed in Kashmir, and at Goolmurg in July and August. Also examples from the Pir Pinjal, Kashmir. ‘A large series of the male were col- lected by Mrs. Bazett at Goolmurg, in July, at from 9000 to 10,000 feet elevation.” (Butt. Ind. i. 212.)
Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 105, figs. 3, 3a represent the male, and fig. 3b the female, the latter a reproduction of Col. Lang’s original drawing of the type specimen.
CHORTOBIUS GOOLMURGA (Plate 105, figs. 4, 4a, ¢ 9).
Epinephele Goolmurga, Lang, Entom. Monthly Mag. 1868, p. 36,9. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 212,9.
Imaco.—Male. Upperside similar in colour to C. Maiza. Forewing with a very small indistinct subapical pale-ringed black spot; no discal angulate line visible. Underside brighter fulvous-brown. Forewing with the discal area bright fulvous, well defined, and with only a faint trace of the upper end of a transverse discal line visible ; a small subapical pale-ringed ocellus with white pupil. Hindwing with the basal area dark olivescent hoary-brown, the dark portion bordered by a discal series of cuneiform pale fulvous-yellow spots, beyond which are two upper and two lower very small submarginal ocellules, sometimes one only of the latter series are pre- sent ; a large subbasal fulvous patch cut by the subcostal vein.
Female. ‘‘ Upperside dark brown. orewing with a rather large subapical and
SATYRINZE. 57
a lower black spot, both broadly-ringed with pale fulvous-yellow. Underside more olivescent greyish-brown. Forewing with the discal area fulvous ; ocelli as above, but with narrow ring and white pupil; crossed by a very indistinct discal angulate line. Hindwing with the basal area darker and olivescent-hoary, the outer border paler, the dark portion bordered by a discal curved series of seven irregular cunei- form pale fulvous spots, followed by two upper and two lower submarginal small black spots, each with a yellowish ring; a large subbasal fulyous patch crossed by the subcostal vein.
Expanse, 14 to 12 inch.
Hasitat.— Western Himalayas.
Disrripution.—The type specimen, a female, described by Colonel Lang, was taken by the late Dr. Jerdon at Goolmurg, in Kashmir. The male, which we have described above, was taken by Major H. B. Hellard, in the Boorzil Valley, North Kashmir, in July, 1873. Males and females have also been taken by Mr. J. H. Leech in the Deosai Plains, at 12,000 to 13,000 feet elevation, in August, 1887, and in the Goorais Valley, 11,000 feet, in September, 1887. Among these Deosai speci- mens is a male with the underside of the forewing possessing a very small lower ocellule between the medians, and the hindwing having but faint traces of the fulvous subbasal patch and discal series of spots; and in a female, also from Deosai, the underside of the forewing has the outer border clouded with dark fulyous-brown, the hindwing also being uniformly tinted and all the markings obsolete.
Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 105, fig. 4 represents the male, above described, from the Boorzil Valley, and fig. 4a is are production of Colonel Lang’s original drawing of the type female.
Axtizp Cuinese Cuortorius.—C. Sinica (Epineph. Sinica, Alpheraky, Romanoff’s Mem. Lep. 1889, p. 121, pl. 5, fig. 7, 2). Habitat. China.—C. pavonica (Coenonympha pavonica Alpheraky, id. p. 119, pl. 5, £.8,d). Habitat. China.
Genus YPTHIMA, auctorum.
Key to THE Divisions or THE Genus YPTHIMA, of authors.
1. Androconial patch on forewing of male prominent. a. Underside of hindwing with six ocelli, in three pairs, placed in echelon.
b. ps 5 ue placed in linear series . Tuymipa (type Baldus). 2. Androconial patch on forewing not visible, but the androconia present ; underside of hindwing with four ocelli—one apical, three anal : . Ypruima (type Hubnert). 3. No androconia. Underside of hindwing with four ocelli . . . Konasa (type Chenut). 4. No androconia. Underside of hindwing with jive ocelli—three ep two anal . ; A c 5 : : : . Naoprrra (type Bolanica).
VoL. Il. October 29nd, 1892. I
58 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
5. No androconia. Underside of hindwing with three ocelli—oue apical
between the subcostals, two anal. : : : : . . Panpima (type Nareda). 6. Androconial patch not visible, but the androconia resent: Underside of
hindwing with three ocelli—one apical between the lower subcostal and
radial, two anal . . : : : : ; : ; : . Lowana (type Znica).
~I
No androconia. Underside of hindwing with four ocellitwo apical, two anal . ; : é : Fi 5 : : : , . Datuacna (type Hyagriva).
Genus THYMIPA. Ypthima (part) auctorum.
Imaco.— Distinguished from typical Ypthima by its comparatively broader fore- wing, the venation being similar, except that it has a broader and posteriorly-longer cell, the linear outwardly-obliqueness of the discocellulars, and in the male possessing a prominent broad oblique discal androconial patch, which, in the type (Baldus), is clothed with very pale rounded-tipt battledore scales, a few longer pale scales with attenuated base and bluntly serrate-tip, and extremely numerous long blackish androconia with very slenderly-dilated base and tassel-tip. Hindwing also broader, the cell longer posteriorly, and the discocellulars more oblique. Palpi larger, apical joint long, slender, and slightly hairy in front. Antenne with a slight, but imper- ceptibly-increasing, slender club.
Carrrriniar.— ‘On emergence from the egg pinkish-white, hairy; when full grown, one inch in length, body compressed, fiattened to a ridge line below the spiracles; head rounded; second, third, and fourth segments gradually increasing to the fifth, then very gradually decreasing to the anal segment, which is furnished with two very small pointed processes.”
Curysatis.—‘ Very narrow; thorax longitudinally humped above, with another ridge just before the abdominal segment.” (de Nicéville.)
Type.—T. Baldus.
The species of this genus are also distinguishable in having a different formula in the position of the ocelli on the underside of the hindwing. There are six ocelli, which in the first section are disposed in echelon, in three inwardly-oblique groups of two across the wing; and in the second section the two lower pairs are linearly disposed.
Section 1.—Ocelli on underside of hindwing placed in three pairs.
THYMIPA BALDUS. Wer-szeason Broop (Plate 106, fig. 1; larva and pupa, 1 a, b, ¢, d, e, f, d 2).
Papilio Baldus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. App. p. 829 (1775). Donovan, Ins. of India, pl. 36, fig. (1800). Satyrus Baldus, Godart, Encycl. Méth. ix. p. 551 (1819).
SATY RINE, 59
Yphthima Baldus, Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 139 (1844). Westwood, in Doubleday & Hewitson’s D. Lep. p. 895 (1851). Hewitson’s (part) Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 286.
Ypthima Baldus, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 36 (1869).
Ypthima Newbold, Distant, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 396; Rhopalocera Malayana, p. 57, pl. 4, fig. 6, 2 (1882).
Ypthima methora, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 56, pl. 6, fig. 9, ¢ 9 (1882)— nec Hewitson.
Ypthima Philomela, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. p. 216 (1883). de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc, Bengal, 1886, p. 282, pl. xii. fig. 22a, larva and pupa (nec Linneeus).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside brown; a sub-marginal] fascia on both wings, and an undulated discal fascia on the hindwing, darker brown ; the ocelli-area paler and shghtly sprinkled with cinereous strigz on the hindwing; cilia pale cinerescent- brown. forewing with a large prominent bipupilled ocellus, and a prominent discal dusky-black glandular patch, which extends also over the end of the cell, the patch clothed with short rounded-tipt pale battledore-scales, a few longer narrow pale scales with attenuated base and bluntly serrate-tips, interspersed with very numerous long blackish androconia, which are extremely slender and filiform with slightly thickened base and tassel-tip. Hindwing with two prominent median ocelli, and generally two minute anal ocelli, sometimes one only of the latter being present, in others, also, either one or two subapical small ocelli are sometimes present, and thus form a continuous series. Underside cinerescent-white, sometimes more ochreous- white, numerously covered with olivescent-brown strige, and crossed by a subbasal, a discal, and a submarginal more or less defined brown fascia. orewing with a large apical ocellus, as above, bipupilled with silvery-blue. Hindwing with six prominent ocelli, two apical, two median, and two minute anal, each with a silvery- blue pupil, the series being disposed in echelon across the wing; sometimes a small ocellus occurs between the upper and median pairs.
Female. Upperside paler, the ocelli-area on both wings mottled with cinerescent- whitish strige, the base also somewhat more or less similarly mottled ; ocelli as in the male, but larger. Underside as in the male. Body above brown; body beneath, palpi, and legs beneath cinereous-white ; hairs of palpi tipt with brown; legs above brown.
Expanse, 1,% to 1% inches.
Dry-szeason Broop (Plate 106, figs. g, h, i, ¢ 2).
Ypthima Marshallii, Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 373. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc. i. p. 217 (1883). , Male. Upperside somewhat paler than in the wet-season brood, the ocelli slightly smaller ; glandular patch and transverse brown fascie also the same. Under- side also paler, the strigze paler and more numerous, the transverse fascie the same, but generally less defined and somewhat narrower. Forewing with the ocellus as
lee,
60 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
above. Hindwing with six minute ocelli, which are generally well-defined and silvery- white pupilled.
Female. Upperside as in wet-season brood. Underside as in male dry-season brood.
Expanse, 1,5, to 1; inches.
Apu CaTerPituar.— One inch in length. Body more compressed than in Y. Hiibneri, and flattened to a ridge line below the spiracles. Head rounded. Second segment a little larger than the head, third and fourth segments gradually increasing to the fifth, then very gradually decreasing to the anal segment, which is furnished with two very small immovable pointed processes or tails. Colour reddish- ochreous throughout, with an indistinct darker dorsal line, two narrow subdorsal lines, and several other very narrow lines placed very close together in the spiracular region above the lateral ridge; there is also a subdorsal series of about eight short oblique streaks. Head and body throughout also shagreened, being covered with small tubercles bearig very fine short hairs.”
Curysatis.—* The pupa is either pale ochreous with darker ochreous and brown markings, or pale green with dark brown markings. It is very narrow, the thorax longitudinally humped above, with another ridge just before the abdominal segments placed transversely.’ (de Nicéville.)
Haprrat.—India; Burma; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Borneo.
Rearing or Wur anp Dry Season Broop rrom tHe Eoac.—Mr. L. de Nicéville (Journ. Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1886, 234) gives the first recorded instance of rearing, in Calcutta, both the wet and dry season brood of this insect from the egg, as follows :—‘‘ On September 10th Captain Sage sent me a tin box, with net cover, containing several females of Y. philomela [Baldus]. The insects had laid numerous eggs on the net, which differ considerably in colour from those of Y. Hubneri, bemg at once distinguishable by the naked eye. On September 14th two larvee emerged. On September 18th eighteen more emerged, and I placed all the young caterpillars in a stoppered glass jar on the same grass as that which was used for Y. Hiibneri. The larvee are at first exceedingly small, pinkish-white in colour, hairy, and with a pinkish head. When full-grown, they are a full inch in length, rather larger therefore than Y. Hiibneri, reddish-ochreous coloured throughout ; the head and body throughout are shagreened, being covered with small tubercles bearing very fine short hairs [for full . description see above]. On October 8th, one larvae ; on October 9th, seven larvee ; on October 10th, two larvee; and on October 11th, one larva changed to a pupa. On October 17th three females emerged ; on October 19th, two males and one female; on October 23rd, two females, and on October 24th, one female emerged ; and two larve died. All these butterflies proved to be true Y. philomela {Baldus] like their female parent.
‘“On my return from Darjiling, on November 8th, Captain Sage gave me eight
SATYRIN ZL. 61
very small larve which had emerged on November 4th from eggs laid by a female of Y. philomela [Baldus] on October 29th. On December 16th, one larva changed to a pupa, which disclosed a male imago on January 5th; on December 18th, a larva changed, a female imago emerging on January 10th; on December 24th, a larva changed to a pupa, a female emerging on January 16th; and on December 28th, two larvee changed to pupx, a female emerging on January 19th from the one, and a male on January 20th from the other. Two larve died, having shrivelled up in the act of turning, possibly in consequence of the atmosphere of the glass-jar in which I bred them not being sufficiently moist, for in nature these animals must get heavily drenched with dew every night. All these butterflies bred from eggs laid by Y. philo- mela proved to be true Y. Marshall. I may add that Captain Sage, who kept a careful register of his captures from day to day, first observed ‘ wild’ specimens of Y. Marshallii on November 18th, having for months before caught Y. philomela only.”
VanriaBILITy IN Size.—In this widely-distributed species the size of the specimens vary considerably. Specimens, under examination, from Western India (Kattywar, Bombay, Mahableshwar) are the smallest—and also the palest in tone of colour on both the upper and undersides, in both the wet and dry-season broods. Hxamples from South India (Nilgiris) are variable in size, some being small, others large, and of darker tint throughout the upper and underside. Those from the Plains of Lower Bengal are large and prominently marked in the wet-season brood, but are paler in the dry-season brood. Chittagong and Upper and Lower Burmese specimens are also of the larger size.
Distripution.—Specimens of 7’. Baldus, as here described, have been examined and verified from the following localities :—In our own collection are examples of the wet and dry-season broods from Kattywar, Bombay, Poona, and Mahableshwar, in Western India; from the Wynaad, Nilgiris, and Travancore, in South India; from Calcutta and the Khasia Hills, in Hastern India; of the wet-season brood from Chittagong, taken in September; Mandalay; Bhamo, taken in November; Karen Hills; Toungoo, in Tenasserim, and of both the wet and dry-season brood, taken in the Mergui Archipelago, by Dr. J. Anderson, from December to March.
Mr. G. F. Hampson (J. A. §. Beng. 1888, 349) obtained it in the Nilgiris, the wet-season brood in May and August, and the dry-season brood from December to April; being very common on the lower slopes of the Hills.
In Captain EH. Y. Watson’s collection are specimens of the wet-season brood from Mysore, taken in November, from the Nilgiris, taken in August, and of the dry-season brood, in December and January; the wet-season brood from Rangoon, in August; Toungoo, in November; Poungadaw, near Thyetmyo, in October and November; Pauk Yaw, in November, and Tilin Yaw, in December; and of the dry- season brood from Toungoo, in March, from Beeling in March and April, from
62 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
Sittang, in Tenasserim, in January, the Shan States, in January, and from Tilin Yaw, in February, March, and May. In the British Museum collection is the type specimen of Y. Marshallii—the dry-season form, from Mepley, Tenasserim.
We have not seen any specimens of true Baldus from either the Western or Hastern Himalayas. Marshall and de Nicéville (Butt. of India, p. 216) state that it ‘is found in the Western Himalayas in July; in Sikkim, from July to December; in Shillong, in March, April, and May, and again in July; in Lower and Eastern Bengal it is very common from May to July, and again in November, and probably throughout the year ; in Cachar, Mr. Wood-Mason took it in profusion from April to October; from Arakan, Pegu, Tenasserim, and the Mergui Archipelago, from October to March; specimens from Khandalla and the Coessi Ghat, in the South Konkan, were taken by Mr. G. Vidal at the end of March; and from Travancore, by Mr. H. Fergusson, at 2000 feet elevation, i March and April. It is found not uncommonly in the Ashamboo Hills, in Travancore, in the extreme south of the Peninsula, and through the Wynaad along the Western Ghats as far as Khandalla. We have no certain record of its occurrence on the East coast or in the Dekkan, though it probably will be found in suitable localities throughout the Peninsula and Central India. We have specimens from Manbhoom and Orissa, and in Lower Bengal, Eastern Bengal, and Assam it is one of the commonest species. In the Himalayas, also, it is found as far West as Chumba, and probably throughout the range Eastward; in Sikkim it is not uncommon; it is found in the Khasia and Naga Hills, Cachar, and in Arakan, Pegu, and Tenasseriin.”
Mr. W. Doherty (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1886, 120) records its capture “in the Kumaon Valleys up to 6000 feet elevation.”? In Sikkim, according to Mr. H. J. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 325), it is “the commonest species of the genus at low elevations, from the Terai up to about 5000 feet. In the rains it is more abun- dant, and the form with ocelli well-marked is then the only one found, but the species occurs during the whole year in greater or less numbers; the cold-weather brood, which has the ocelli small or obsolete, agrees very well with those which Mr. de Nicéville has bred from eggs of Philomela in Calcutta.’ Mr. J. A. Betham (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, 158) says ‘“ the Yphthime are generally found fluttering about where there is grass, and flying in and amongst the stems; they are feeble httle things, and not difficult to capture.”
Disrripution Oursipe Iypran Arna.—Mr. W. L. Distant, in ‘* Rhop. Malayana,” p. 56, has described and figured (pl. 6, fig. 9) this species (Baldus) erroneously as the Y. Methora of Hewitson, and on p. 57, pl. 4, fig. 6, has also described and figured a variety of the species as Y. Newboldi, both being from Malacca and Pro- vince Wellesley in the Malay Peninsula. Specimens of both sexes are also in the British Museum collection from Penang. In our own collection are examples from Malacca, Singapore, Sumatra, and Borneo,
SATYRIN 4. 63
Of the illustrations of 7. Baldus on our Plate, No. 106, fig. 1 represents the larva and pupa reared in Calcutta by Mr. L. de Nicéville, figs. la, b, c, male and female from Bombay, fig. d, a Calcutta male, fig. e, an Assam male, and fig. f, a Calcutta female of the wet season brood; and fig. g, a Bombay female, fig. h, a Travancore male, and fig. i, a Calcutta male, of the diy season brood.
THYMIPA INDECORA. Wet-season Broop (Plate 107, figs. 1, la, ).
Imaco.—Male. Upperside brown; both wings with a darker dusky-brown submarginal line. Forewing with a broad dusky-black medial-discal oblique glandular patch extending within the cell, the patch being clothed with short broad serrate- tipt battledore-scales, long narrow basally-attenuated acutely serrate-tipt scales, interspersed with numerous very long and extremely slender filiform black androconia with tassel-tips; a prominent large subapical bipupilled ocellus. Hindwing with a slightly-apparent dusky median fascia, two large median ocelli, and the small duplex anal ocellus and the apical ocellus of the underside slightly apparent. Underside pale cinereous-ochreous thickly covered with slender brown strige; with faint traces of a transverse discal fascia and of a submarginal line on the forewing. Forewing with the apical ocellus as above. Hindwing with three geminated pairs of large prominent ocelli disposed in echelon—two upper, two median, and two anal, the latter being the smallest.
Expanse, 12 to 13 inch.
Dry-srason Broop (Plate 107, fig. lb, ¢). Ypthima indecora, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 238, pl. 12, fig. 7, ¢@. Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., i. p. 218 (1883).
Male. Upperside as in the wet-season brood, the dusky marginal line, medial fascia, and the dusky black glandular patch on forewing clothed with the same kind and shaped seales and androconia. Underside cinereous-ochreous, somewhat more densely covered with strige than the wet-season form, the submarginal brown ine and discal fascia on the forewing more defined, the ocellus as above. Hindwing with two similarly defined medial brown fasciz, both of the latter being somewhat angulated, the three pairs of ocelli disposed as in the wet-season brood, being minutely defined. Female. Upperside as in male, except that the submarginal line is inwardly speckled by a few cinereous stripes. Underside as in male.
Expanse, ¢ ? 12 to 14 inches.
Hasitat.—N. W. Himalayas.
Distxipution.—This species is confined to the Western Himalayas. ‘It has been taken in Pangi, Kulu, and Kangra, in April and July” (Butt. of India, i. 218). Major H. B. Hellard obtained it at “Masuri at the end of September or
64 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.
beginning of October, and in the lower Bagh River Valley, Kashmir, at the end of June” (MS. Notes). Specimens are in Mr. G. F. Hampson’s collection from the Kulu Valley, 500 feet elevation, taken by Mr. E. Graham Young.
THYMIPA METHORA. Wet-season Broop (Plate 107, fig. 2, 2a, bg, 2).
Yphthima Methora, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 291, pl. 18, fig. 20, 21, 9. Ypthima Methora, Butler., Catal. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 149 (1868). Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 326.
Tnraco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent-brown, with a faintly-indicated darker narrow transverse discal and a submarginal recurved fascia. Forewing with a large prominent apical black ocellus with pale ochreous outer ring and bipupilled: with silvery-blue ; a faintly-indicated broad dusky glandular patch, which is clothed with short dentate-tipt battledore-scales, some longer serrate-tipt scales, and a few moderately long blackish androconia with broad clavate base, short hair-like end and tassel-tip. Hindwing with six distinct ocelli, placed in echelon, the two upper being moderately small, the two median moderately large, and the two anal small, all narrowly ringed with pale ochreous, and the four latter silvery-blue pupilled. Underside pale ochreous-cinereous ; densely covered with thickish dark brown strigea. Both wings crossed by an ill-defined subbasal, a discal, and a submarginal brown fascia, the two latter on the hindwing bemg angulated. Forewing with the ocellus larger and very prominent. Hindwing with the ocelli also somewhat larger and all very prominent.
Female. Upperside paler; mottled with pale ochreous-cinereous strigz, the discal and submarginal fascia more distinct and broader, the ocellus on forewing larger, the ocelli on the hindwing also somewhat larger, the upper one sometimes being obsolete. Underside brighter ochreous-cinereous, marked as in the male. Body above clothed with glossy olivescent-brown hairs, beneath pale ochreous- cinereous; legs brownish above, cinereous beneath; palpi clothed in front with blackish-tipt hairs.
Expanse, d 2 to 22, ? 22 inches.
Dry-season Broop (Plate 107, fig. 2c, ¢).
Male. Upperside as in wet-season brood, except that the ocelli on the hind- wing are somewhat smaller, and sometimes one or both of the upper are absent; glandular patch and androconia the same. Underside paler and ochreous-cinereous in tint, the brown strige somewhat less prominent, the transverse brown fascize more defined, and the discal fascia distinctly angulated on the hindwing ; the ocellus on
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